Volume 16, Issue 4 (11-2024)
J Crop Breed 2024, 16(4): 23-36 |
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Aghababapoor Dehkordi A, Houshmand S, Mohammady S. (2024). Stability Analysis of Dry Yield of Z. multiflora Boiss. under Drought Stress and Mycorrhizal Fungi Symbiosis. J Crop Breed. 16(4), 23-36. doi:10.61186/jcb.16.4.23
URL: http://jcb.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-1543-en.html
URL: http://jcb.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-1543-en.html
1- Faculty of Agriculture, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran
2- Department of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran
2- Department of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran
Abstract: (329 Views)
Extended Abstract
Background: In recent years, the use of medicinal plants has increased due to the side effects, lower cost, patient compatibility to these drugs, and the harmful effects of chemical drugs on human health. Zataria multiflora Boiss. is an important medicinal plant species in the Lamiaceae family, native to Iran, Pakistan, and Afghanistan. The essential oil of this plant has antioxidant, antifungal, and antimicrobial properties and is used as a preservative in the food industry. Water scarcity is a significant limiting factor for crop growth and production. Reduced efficiency of chemical fertilizer uptake under drought conditions and their negative environmental effects necessitate using sustainable agricultural practices. Studies have shown that using biofertilizers, including mycorrhiza fungi, can reduce the effect of drought stress. The effect of mycorrhiza fungi inoculation with plants under drought stress is due to physical, nutritional, physiological, and cellular effects. Considering the medicinal and nutritional value of Z. multiflora, it is very important to identify ecotypes with high production to achieve high economic productivity due to existing drought; this importance can only be investigated through research on the genotype ×environment interaction. The performance of ecotypes largely depends on the genotype, environment, and the genotype × environment interaction. Due to the time-consuming stability and compatibility tests, it is usually possible to obtain some fixed or random effects of year and place from different agricultural managements, such as different planting dates, to reduce the length of the evaluation period. This study aims to investigate the mutual effect of Z. multiflora ecotypes under drought stress conditions and the use of mycorrhizal fungi in three planting dates using different stability parameters. Each of the stability parameters has strengths and weaknesses in identifying high-yielding and stable ecotypes. In this study, therefore, the combined aforementioned methods were used to determine the stability of Z. multiflora ecotypes.
Methods: This study was conducted on eight Z. multiflora ecotypes collected from Safashahr, Neyriz, Khanekhore, and Fasa from Fars Province, Fooladshahr, Baharestan, and Kolahghazi from Isfahan Province, and Qasreghand from Sistan and Baluchestan Province. The seeds of the above-mentioned ecotypes were evaluated on three planting dates, including March 1, 2021, March 24, 2021, and April 22, 2022. In this study, the combination of the three mentioned planting dates, at two levels of non-stress and drought stress and two levels of application and non-application of mycorrhiza were determined as 12 different environments, and plant dry weights of the ecotypes were used for stability analysis. After examining the homogeneity of test errors in the environment, data were subjected to the combined analysis of variance (ANOVA) using SAS9.4 software. The stability analysis parameters were measured using SPSS26, R, Minitab18, and Excel software.
Results: The results of ANOVA indicated a very significant effect of the environment, ecotype, and the environment × ecotype interaction on plant dry weight. Drought stress reduced plant dry weight in all environments. The yield increased with mycorrhiza application. Mean comparisons showed significant differences among the ecotypes in each medium. The sowing date of 1 March 2021 was the best sowing date at a dry weight of 1.93 g. In this date, Safashahr ecotypes produced the highest yield in all treatment combinations. In Eberhart & Russell's method, ecotype Khanekhore (b = -0.11) had the closest slope to one; besides, this ecotype had a low regression deviation (S2d = 1.80). Based on this parameter, it is considered the most stable ecotype. The lowest rank mean belonged to the Fasa ecotype (R = 2.67), followed by the Khanekhore ecotype (R = 3.50). The lowest standard deviation rank belonged to the Baharestan and Fooladshahr ecotypes (0.28 and 0.50, respectively), indicating the stability of these ecotypes based on these indicators. Baharestan (CV = 26.57) and Fooladshahr (CV = 43.43) ecotypes were considered stable ecotypes based on the coefficient of variance. According to environmental variance, Baharestan and Fooladshahr (Si2 = 0.08 and Si2 = 0.25, respectively) were identified as stable ecotypes. Based on Wricke's ecovalence, Fasa (Wi2 = 92.80) and Kolahghazi (Wi2 = 92.49) ecotypes were recognized as stable ecotypes. Based on Shukla's stability variance, Fasa (σi2 = 5.38), Kolahghazi (σi2 = 5.34), Fooladshahr, (σi2 = 5.65), and Khanekhore (σi2 = 5.93) were considered stable ecotypes.
Conclusion: According to the results of comparing the averages, the best planting date for Z. multiflora was March 1. The results of the mean ranking, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, environmental variance, Wricke's ecovalence method, and Shukla's stability variance were similar in identifying stable ecotypes. As such, Safashahr and Neyriz ecotypes were identified as unstable ecotypes, and the others showed moderate stability. Based on Eberhart & Russell's method, Khanekhore was the most stable ecotype.
Background: In recent years, the use of medicinal plants has increased due to the side effects, lower cost, patient compatibility to these drugs, and the harmful effects of chemical drugs on human health. Zataria multiflora Boiss. is an important medicinal plant species in the Lamiaceae family, native to Iran, Pakistan, and Afghanistan. The essential oil of this plant has antioxidant, antifungal, and antimicrobial properties and is used as a preservative in the food industry. Water scarcity is a significant limiting factor for crop growth and production. Reduced efficiency of chemical fertilizer uptake under drought conditions and their negative environmental effects necessitate using sustainable agricultural practices. Studies have shown that using biofertilizers, including mycorrhiza fungi, can reduce the effect of drought stress. The effect of mycorrhiza fungi inoculation with plants under drought stress is due to physical, nutritional, physiological, and cellular effects. Considering the medicinal and nutritional value of Z. multiflora, it is very important to identify ecotypes with high production to achieve high economic productivity due to existing drought; this importance can only be investigated through research on the genotype ×environment interaction. The performance of ecotypes largely depends on the genotype, environment, and the genotype × environment interaction. Due to the time-consuming stability and compatibility tests, it is usually possible to obtain some fixed or random effects of year and place from different agricultural managements, such as different planting dates, to reduce the length of the evaluation period. This study aims to investigate the mutual effect of Z. multiflora ecotypes under drought stress conditions and the use of mycorrhizal fungi in three planting dates using different stability parameters. Each of the stability parameters has strengths and weaknesses in identifying high-yielding and stable ecotypes. In this study, therefore, the combined aforementioned methods were used to determine the stability of Z. multiflora ecotypes.
Methods: This study was conducted on eight Z. multiflora ecotypes collected from Safashahr, Neyriz, Khanekhore, and Fasa from Fars Province, Fooladshahr, Baharestan, and Kolahghazi from Isfahan Province, and Qasreghand from Sistan and Baluchestan Province. The seeds of the above-mentioned ecotypes were evaluated on three planting dates, including March 1, 2021, March 24, 2021, and April 22, 2022. In this study, the combination of the three mentioned planting dates, at two levels of non-stress and drought stress and two levels of application and non-application of mycorrhiza were determined as 12 different environments, and plant dry weights of the ecotypes were used for stability analysis. After examining the homogeneity of test errors in the environment, data were subjected to the combined analysis of variance (ANOVA) using SAS9.4 software. The stability analysis parameters were measured using SPSS26, R, Minitab18, and Excel software.
Results: The results of ANOVA indicated a very significant effect of the environment, ecotype, and the environment × ecotype interaction on plant dry weight. Drought stress reduced plant dry weight in all environments. The yield increased with mycorrhiza application. Mean comparisons showed significant differences among the ecotypes in each medium. The sowing date of 1 March 2021 was the best sowing date at a dry weight of 1.93 g. In this date, Safashahr ecotypes produced the highest yield in all treatment combinations. In Eberhart & Russell's method, ecotype Khanekhore (b = -0.11) had the closest slope to one; besides, this ecotype had a low regression deviation (S2d = 1.80). Based on this parameter, it is considered the most stable ecotype. The lowest rank mean belonged to the Fasa ecotype (R = 2.67), followed by the Khanekhore ecotype (R = 3.50). The lowest standard deviation rank belonged to the Baharestan and Fooladshahr ecotypes (0.28 and 0.50, respectively), indicating the stability of these ecotypes based on these indicators. Baharestan (CV = 26.57) and Fooladshahr (CV = 43.43) ecotypes were considered stable ecotypes based on the coefficient of variance. According to environmental variance, Baharestan and Fooladshahr (Si2 = 0.08 and Si2 = 0.25, respectively) were identified as stable ecotypes. Based on Wricke's ecovalence, Fasa (Wi2 = 92.80) and Kolahghazi (Wi2 = 92.49) ecotypes were recognized as stable ecotypes. Based on Shukla's stability variance, Fasa (σi2 = 5.38), Kolahghazi (σi2 = 5.34), Fooladshahr, (σi2 = 5.65), and Khanekhore (σi2 = 5.93) were considered stable ecotypes.
Conclusion: According to the results of comparing the averages, the best planting date for Z. multiflora was March 1. The results of the mean ranking, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, environmental variance, Wricke's ecovalence method, and Shukla's stability variance were similar in identifying stable ecotypes. As such, Safashahr and Neyriz ecotypes were identified as unstable ecotypes, and the others showed moderate stability. Based on Eberhart & Russell's method, Khanekhore was the most stable ecotype.
Keywords: Environmental Variance, Rank Means, Shukla's Stability Variance Standard Deviation Rank, Wricke's Ecovalence
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