1- Assistant Professor, Crop and Horticultural Science Research Department, Lorestan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Khorramabad, Iran
2- - Researcher , Kohgiluyeh and Boyerahmad Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Yasuj, Iran
3- Researcher, Crop and Horticultural Science Research Department, Ilam Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Ilam, Iran
2- - Researcher , Kohgiluyeh and Boyerahmad Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Yasuj, Iran
3- Researcher, Crop and Horticultural Science Research Department, Ilam Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Ilam, Iran
Abstract: (8 Views)
Extended Abstract
Introduction and Objective: Common vetch (Vicia sativa ssp. sativa L.) is one of the most important livestock legumes in the Mediterranean mega-environment due to its multiple uses, its high nutritional value, and its ability to grow in different environmental conditions. Increased nutritional needs for livestock require the introduction of animal feed legumes in crop rotations. Common vetch is considered among the best options to be part of crop rotations, especially in lower rainfall areas, and a good alternative to cereal monoculture, as it produces higher seed and protein yields, in comparison. Another advantage of vetch cultivations is their compatibility with organic and low-input farming systems. Its usefulness is based on the exploitation of atmospheric nitrogen yielding satisfactory in certain cultivation areas. Vetch-cereal intercrops produce considerably higher protein yields on the soil without any need for N-fertilizers. It is a usual approach to cultivate local varieties or mixtures among them, to maintain yield under low-input farming systems that support mainly livestock . Autumn vetch cultivation in terms of increasing the efficiency of rainfall increases grain yield compared to spring cultivation under rainfed conditions. In addition, to maximize yield and control phenotypic expression, breeders must select specific genotypes that are stable or adapted to a specific environment. Therefore, identification of high-yield genotypes with adaptation to a wide range of environments is one of the major goals in crop breeding programs. In multi-environment experiments, vetch yield is influenced by genetic structure, environment and genotype × environment interaction. To better interpret the genotype × environment interaction, the additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) model is one of the most common methods in the study of multi-environment experiments. The current study aimed to investigate the interaction of genotype and environment on vetch genotypes and to identify stable, high-yielding genotypes that are compatible with the climatic conditions of temperate rainfed regions of the country.
Material and Methods: In this study, 8 promising vetch genotypes along with “Maragheh”, and “Tolo” cultivars were cultivated in a randomized complete block design for five consecutive cropping years (2019-2024) in Kogiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad / Gachsaran, Lorestan/Khoramabad, Ilam/chardavel and Mehran. In the field, each plot consisted of Four planting row, seven meters long with a distance of 25 cm and a density of 150 seeds per square meter. Stability analysis was performed using the AMMI multivariate method. Statistical analyses were performed using Metan and GGE packages of multi-environment experiments in R software.
Results: AMMI analysis of variance showed that the effects of environment, genotype, the genotype × environment and the first five main components were significant. Therefore, due to the significance of genotype × environment interaction, it is possible to perform stability analysis on these data. According to AMMI analysis, the first and second main components of genotype-environment interaction accounted for 51.6 and 25.6% of genotype × environment interaction variations, respectively. The effect of the first five main components was significant and in total explained 96.5% of the variations of genotype × environment interaction. The share of environment, genotype and interaction of genotype × environment in the sum of total squares was 35.45, 8.908 and 55.65 percent, respectively. Among the studied genotypes, Genotype 2 with 1.451 ton/ha, followed by genotypes 1, 5, and 3 had the highest grain yield. Based on the ASV stability index, genotypes number 4, 6 and 5, based on the SIPC index, genotypes 5, 1, 2 and 4, based on EV index, genotypes number 1, 4, 3 and 10 and based on index Za genotypes number 5, 7, 2 and 6 were the most stable genotypes. Based on the simultaneous selection index of ssiASV, genotypes 1, 2, 3 and 4, based on the ssiSIPC index, genotypes 2, 1, 3 and 5, based on the ssiEV index of genotypes 1, 2, 3 and 4, Based on ssiZA index, genotypes 2, 5 and 1 and based on ssiWAAS index, genotypes 5, 1, 2 and 7 were the best genotypes in terms of yield and stability. Based on the AMMI1 biplot, genotypes 4, 7, 5, 1 and 6 with mean grain yield higher than the overall average and lowest values of IPCA1 were identified as stable genotypes with high general compatibility. In the AMMI2 biplot, genotypes 4, 5 and 6, in addition to high general stability, had higher grain yield than the overall average. In addition to the AMMI indices, Lin and Binn's superiority index was also used to identify the best genotypes, and based on this, genotypes 1, 3, 5 and 2 the most stable genotypes in the studied environments.
Conclusion: In general, genotypes 1 (V.S.IVAT- 2003), 2 (V.S.IVAT- 2556) and 5 (V.S.IVAT- 2709) had high yields in most of the environments based on different indices and had good stability in most methods. Therefore, they could be candidates for the introduction of new cultivars.
Introduction and Objective: Common vetch (Vicia sativa ssp. sativa L.) is one of the most important livestock legumes in the Mediterranean mega-environment due to its multiple uses, its high nutritional value, and its ability to grow in different environmental conditions. Increased nutritional needs for livestock require the introduction of animal feed legumes in crop rotations. Common vetch is considered among the best options to be part of crop rotations, especially in lower rainfall areas, and a good alternative to cereal monoculture, as it produces higher seed and protein yields, in comparison. Another advantage of vetch cultivations is their compatibility with organic and low-input farming systems. Its usefulness is based on the exploitation of atmospheric nitrogen yielding satisfactory in certain cultivation areas. Vetch-cereal intercrops produce considerably higher protein yields on the soil without any need for N-fertilizers. It is a usual approach to cultivate local varieties or mixtures among them, to maintain yield under low-input farming systems that support mainly livestock . Autumn vetch cultivation in terms of increasing the efficiency of rainfall increases grain yield compared to spring cultivation under rainfed conditions. In addition, to maximize yield and control phenotypic expression, breeders must select specific genotypes that are stable or adapted to a specific environment. Therefore, identification of high-yield genotypes with adaptation to a wide range of environments is one of the major goals in crop breeding programs. In multi-environment experiments, vetch yield is influenced by genetic structure, environment and genotype × environment interaction. To better interpret the genotype × environment interaction, the additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) model is one of the most common methods in the study of multi-environment experiments. The current study aimed to investigate the interaction of genotype and environment on vetch genotypes and to identify stable, high-yielding genotypes that are compatible with the climatic conditions of temperate rainfed regions of the country.
Material and Methods: In this study, 8 promising vetch genotypes along with “Maragheh”, and “Tolo” cultivars were cultivated in a randomized complete block design for five consecutive cropping years (2019-2024) in Kogiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad / Gachsaran, Lorestan/Khoramabad, Ilam/chardavel and Mehran. In the field, each plot consisted of Four planting row, seven meters long with a distance of 25 cm and a density of 150 seeds per square meter. Stability analysis was performed using the AMMI multivariate method. Statistical analyses were performed using Metan and GGE packages of multi-environment experiments in R software.
Results: AMMI analysis of variance showed that the effects of environment, genotype, the genotype × environment and the first five main components were significant. Therefore, due to the significance of genotype × environment interaction, it is possible to perform stability analysis on these data. According to AMMI analysis, the first and second main components of genotype-environment interaction accounted for 51.6 and 25.6% of genotype × environment interaction variations, respectively. The effect of the first five main components was significant and in total explained 96.5% of the variations of genotype × environment interaction. The share of environment, genotype and interaction of genotype × environment in the sum of total squares was 35.45, 8.908 and 55.65 percent, respectively. Among the studied genotypes, Genotype 2 with 1.451 ton/ha, followed by genotypes 1, 5, and 3 had the highest grain yield. Based on the ASV stability index, genotypes number 4, 6 and 5, based on the SIPC index, genotypes 5, 1, 2 and 4, based on EV index, genotypes number 1, 4, 3 and 10 and based on index Za genotypes number 5, 7, 2 and 6 were the most stable genotypes. Based on the simultaneous selection index of ssiASV, genotypes 1, 2, 3 and 4, based on the ssiSIPC index, genotypes 2, 1, 3 and 5, based on the ssiEV index of genotypes 1, 2, 3 and 4, Based on ssiZA index, genotypes 2, 5 and 1 and based on ssiWAAS index, genotypes 5, 1, 2 and 7 were the best genotypes in terms of yield and stability. Based on the AMMI1 biplot, genotypes 4, 7, 5, 1 and 6 with mean grain yield higher than the overall average and lowest values of IPCA1 were identified as stable genotypes with high general compatibility. In the AMMI2 biplot, genotypes 4, 5 and 6, in addition to high general stability, had higher grain yield than the overall average. In addition to the AMMI indices, Lin and Binn's superiority index was also used to identify the best genotypes, and based on this, genotypes 1, 3, 5 and 2 the most stable genotypes in the studied environments.
Conclusion: In general, genotypes 1 (V.S.IVAT- 2003), 2 (V.S.IVAT- 2556) and 5 (V.S.IVAT- 2709) had high yields in most of the environments based on different indices and had good stability in most methods. Therefore, they could be candidates for the introduction of new cultivars.
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