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EXTENDED ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES
Evaluation of yield and yield components of some safflower genotypes (Carthamus tinctorius L) under drought stress Extended Abstract Introduction and Objective: Drought stress is one of the most important environmental factors limiting crop yield, which affects the life cycle of crop plants through various mechanisms and reduces agricultural production worldwide. Safflower is a plant that is resistant to salinity and drought stress. However, safflower can tolerate environmental stresses such as salinity and drought due to its deep and extensive roots, and yet the yield of this plant may be affected by drought stress despite its tolerance to drought stress. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to investigate and compare the yield and yield components of some safflower genotypes under drought stress and identify drought-tolerant genotypes.
Materials and Methods
In order to evaluate the yield and yield components of safflower genotypes under drought stress, a factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with three replications in the fall of 2022 in the research greenhouse of the Faculty of Agriculture, Ilam University, at a temperature of 22-34 ° C and a humidity of 40-70%. In this experiment, 82 safflower genotypes, whose seeds were obtained from the IPK Institute in Germany, were evaluated for resistance to irrigation stress levels at two levels: normal (100% of the field capacity as a control) and 50% (50% of the field capacity as a stress). One plant was harvested from each pot and after separating the seeds, each was stored separately. To dry the plants, they were placed in an oven at 75°C for 48 hours. After drying the samples, the biological yield was calculated using an accurate scale to measure the weight of the seeds and plants. Statistical analysis of the data, including analysis of variance and comparison of means using the LSD method, was performed using SAS software version 9.4. R software version 3.4 and the pheatmap package were used to draw the heatmap matrix and dendrogram and to analyze the principal components.
RESULTS
The results of the analysis of variance for plant height and leaf area showed that these two traits were affected by drought stress, genotype, and the interaction effect of stress in genotype at the probability level of 1%. The results of the comparison of the mean interaction effects of drought stress in genotype showed that stress caused a decrease in plant height and leaf area in some genotypes and a non-significant change in some genotypes. According to the studies conducted, it was determined that drought stress affects the development of plants, especially safflower, which is often cultivated in semi-arid and arid regions. Plant height and leaf area are key morphological traits that are affected by drought stress, and its response can vary significantly between different genotypes.
Grain yield components: The results of analysis of variance of grain yield components such as number of heads per plant, head diameter, number of seeds per head, weight of one hundred seeds and total number of seeds per plant showed that these traits were affected by drought stress, genotype and interaction effect of stress on genotype at the probability level of one percent. The results of comparing the mean interaction effects of drought stress on genotype showed that the number of heads per plant and head diameter decreased under stress, and these changes differed depending on the genotype. The interaction effects of drought stress on genotype for number of seeds per head, weight of one hundred seeds and total number of seeds per plant also showed that stress caused a decrease in these traits in some genotypes. In non-stressed conditions, the highest number of seeds per head was observed for genotypes 45 and 33 with averages of 26.3 and 20.3. Drought stress significantly affected the functional components of safflower genotypes, including 100-seed weight, number of seeds per head, and number of heads per plant.
Grain yield: Grain yield was also affected by drought stress, genotype, and the interaction effect of stress on genotype at the 1% probability level. The results of comparing the mean interaction effects of drought stress on genotype showed that stress reduced grain yield in some genotypes.
Biological yield: Biological yield was also affected by drought stress, genotype, and the interaction effect of stress on genotype at the 1% probability level. The results showed that stress reduced biological yield in some safflower genotypes.
Heatmap and Dendrogram Matrix: The results of the heatmap and dendrogram matrix of the evaluated traits and genotypes showed that genotypes 4, 8, and 53 showed the least similarity and genotypes 44 and 31 showed the highest similarity. Also, the studied genotypes can be classified into two groups in terms of grain yield components. The upper group of the matrix had a coefficient range between -1 and -2, and the second group, located at the bottom of the matrix, had a coefficient between 1 and 2. The clustering results of genotypes and traits also showed that biological yield, plant height, leaf area, and dry weight were in one group, grain weight and head diameter were in one group, and grain yield components were also in one group.
CONCLUSION
According to the results, it was determined that drought stress limited the growth of safflower and reduced the yield and yield components of the grain. Also, the response of the studied genotypes to stress was different, so that some yield traits and yield components decreased and insignificant changes were observed in some genotypes. In non-stress conditions, genotypes 11 (with a grain yield of 8.10 g per plant), 72 (with a grain yield of 8.18 g per plant) were recognized as superior genotypes, and in stress conditions, genotype 19 (with a grain yield of 12.26 g per plant) was recognized as the best genotype.
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES
Evaluation of yield and yield components of some safflower genotypes (Carthamus tinctorius L) under drought stress Extended Abstract Introduction and Objective: Drought stress is one of the most important environmental factors limiting crop yield, which affects the life cycle of crop plants through various mechanisms and reduces agricultural production worldwide. Safflower is a plant that is resistant to salinity and drought stress. However, safflower can tolerate environmental stresses such as salinity and drought due to its deep and extensive roots, and yet the yield of this plant may be affected by drought stress despite its tolerance to drought stress. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to investigate and compare the yield and yield components of some safflower genotypes under drought stress and identify drought-tolerant genotypes.
Materials and Methods
In order to evaluate the yield and yield components of safflower genotypes under drought stress, a factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with three replications in the fall of 2022 in the research greenhouse of the Faculty of Agriculture, Ilam University, at a temperature of 22-34 ° C and a humidity of 40-70%. In this experiment, 82 safflower genotypes, whose seeds were obtained from the IPK Institute in Germany, were evaluated for resistance to irrigation stress levels at two levels: normal (100% of the field capacity as a control) and 50% (50% of the field capacity as a stress). One plant was harvested from each pot and after separating the seeds, each was stored separately. To dry the plants, they were placed in an oven at 75°C for 48 hours. After drying the samples, the biological yield was calculated using an accurate scale to measure the weight of the seeds and plants. Statistical analysis of the data, including analysis of variance and comparison of means using the LSD method, was performed using SAS software version 9.4. R software version 3.4 and the pheatmap package were used to draw the heatmap matrix and dendrogram and to analyze the principal components.
RESULTS
The results of the analysis of variance for plant height and leaf area showed that these two traits were affected by drought stress, genotype, and the interaction effect of stress in genotype at the probability level of 1%. The results of the comparison of the mean interaction effects of drought stress in genotype showed that stress caused a decrease in plant height and leaf area in some genotypes and a non-significant change in some genotypes. According to the studies conducted, it was determined that drought stress affects the development of plants, especially safflower, which is often cultivated in semi-arid and arid regions. Plant height and leaf area are key morphological traits that are affected by drought stress, and its response can vary significantly between different genotypes.
Grain yield components: The results of analysis of variance of grain yield components such as number of heads per plant, head diameter, number of seeds per head, weight of one hundred seeds and total number of seeds per plant showed that these traits were affected by drought stress, genotype and interaction effect of stress on genotype at the probability level of one percent. The results of comparing the mean interaction effects of drought stress on genotype showed that the number of heads per plant and head diameter decreased under stress, and these changes differed depending on the genotype. The interaction effects of drought stress on genotype for number of seeds per head, weight of one hundred seeds and total number of seeds per plant also showed that stress caused a decrease in these traits in some genotypes. In non-stressed conditions, the highest number of seeds per head was observed for genotypes 45 and 33 with averages of 26.3 and 20.3. Drought stress significantly affected the functional components of safflower genotypes, including 100-seed weight, number of seeds per head, and number of heads per plant.
Grain yield: Grain yield was also affected by drought stress, genotype, and the interaction effect of stress on genotype at the 1% probability level. The results of comparing the mean interaction effects of drought stress on genotype showed that stress reduced grain yield in some genotypes.
Biological yield: Biological yield was also affected by drought stress, genotype, and the interaction effect of stress on genotype at the 1% probability level. The results showed that stress reduced biological yield in some safflower genotypes.
Heatmap and Dendrogram Matrix: The results of the heatmap and dendrogram matrix of the evaluated traits and genotypes showed that genotypes 4, 8, and 53 showed the least similarity and genotypes 44 and 31 showed the highest similarity. Also, the studied genotypes can be classified into two groups in terms of grain yield components. The upper group of the matrix had a coefficient range between -1 and -2, and the second group, located at the bottom of the matrix, had a coefficient between 1 and 2. The clustering results of genotypes and traits also showed that biological yield, plant height, leaf area, and dry weight were in one group, grain weight and head diameter were in one group, and grain yield components were also in one group.
CONCLUSION
According to the results, it was determined that drought stress limited the growth of safflower and reduced the yield and yield components of the grain. Also, the response of the studied genotypes to stress was different, so that some yield traits and yield components decreased and insignificant changes were observed in some genotypes. In non-stress conditions, genotypes 11 (with a grain yield of 8.10 g per plant), 72 (with a grain yield of 8.18 g per plant) were recognized as superior genotypes, and in stress conditions, genotype 19 (with a grain yield of 12.26 g per plant) was recognized as the best genotype.
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