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Showing 22 results for darvishzadeh
Mrs Marjan Jannatdoust, Dr Reza Darvishzadeh, Mr. Heydar Azizi, Dr Mohammad Ali Ebrahimi, Mrs Roghayyeh Ziaeifard, Dr Esmaeel Gholinezhad,
Volume 8, Issue 20 (3-2017)
Volume 8, Issue 20 (3-2017)
Abstract
In this study, 12 retro transposons-based primers (7 IRAP and 5 REMAP primers) and general and mixed linear models (GLM and MLM) were used to identify molecular markers associated to 22 agro morphological traits in 48 different confectionery sunflower accessions. Studied accessions were divided into three main groups using Neighbor Joining method. Study of population structure as a prerequisite for association analysis showed that there is two possible subgroups (K=2) in the studied population. Based on GLM and MLM, 131 and 117 loci showed significant (P<0.01) association with assessed traits under different environmental conditions, respectively. Common markers between some of studied traits can be possibly due to pleiotropic effects or linkage between genomic regions involved in these traits. Obtained results from this study offered valuable information on the genetic basis of studied traits that can be used in breeding programs to production of high performance varieties of confectionery sunflower.
Ali Soleimani, Mostafa Valizadeh, Reza Darvishzadeh, Saeed Ahari Zad, Hadi Alipour,
Volume 9, Issue 23 (12-2017)
Volume 9, Issue 23 (12-2017)
Abstract
In order to evaluation of gain yield and yield components in spring barely genotypes under normal and drought stress in flowering stage and identifying drought tolerant genotypes, sixteen barely genotypes were investigated in two separately Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications in West Azerbaijan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center, Urmia, Iran in agronomic season at 2011-2012 crop season. Result of analysis of variance showed that there are highly significant differences among genotypes in studied traits which reveal high genetic variation among the genotypes that provide a choice possibility based on studied traits. Based on the results of mean compression under normal and drought stress condition and drought tolerance index (STI), Kavir/Badia and Rihane-O5 genotypes were introduced as tolerant genotypes with high grain yield and local west Azerbaijan, Local-Check, Tekab and Marand genotypes were introduced as drought-sensitive genotypes with low yield. According to the results of simple correlations analysis, stepwise regression and path analysis in normal irrigation conditions, biological yield and number of fertile tiller and in drought stress condition biological yield were the most important of effective traits on grain yield. Since, the biological yield had high positive direct effect on grain yield under normal and drought stress condition, it can be one of the most important and stable traits for grain yield improvement in the breeding programs.
Ali Asghar Hatamnia, Reza Darvishzadeh, Nasser Abbaspour, Fatemeh Rahmani, Seyyed Reza Alavi , Farzad Banaei,
Volume 9, Issue 23 (12-2017)
Volume 9, Issue 23 (12-2017)
Abstract
In order to understand the response of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) to salt stress, the comparative analysis of leaf proteome of Basma S. 31 genotype were performed. Plants were treated with or without 200 mM NaCl for 12 days. The proteins were extracted from leaves, and then separated by two-dimensional electrophoresis. The fresh weight and length of shoot of studied genotype showed greater decrease with increasing salinity. The number of 19 protein spots (out of 468 protein spots) was differentially expressed in leaves under NaCl treatment. Although the levels of some proteins were reduced by salt-treatments, an increase of accumulations in some proteins was observed under salt stress. The number of protein spots with increased expression, were higher than the number of protein spots with decreased expression (10 and 9 protein spots, respectively). Results revealed that, spots of 16 and 7 were highly and lowly up-regulated with 6.1-fold and 1.48- fold, respectively. Also, the spot of 18 with 4.4- fold was highly down-regulated among all spots. Salinity is a complex phenomenon that causes not just osmotic and toxic ion effects, but also nutritional and metabolism imbalance. According to the results, it seems that salinity can change the expression levels of some special proteins in leaves of tobacco that may in turn play a role in the tolerance to saline conditions. So, it is believed that increased expression of proteins with low molecular weight that regulate cellular activity, can be effective in tobacco salt tolerance.
Mrs Soheila Ahmadpour, Dr Reza Darvishzadeh, Dr Omid Sofalian,
Volume 10, Issue 25 (6-2018)
Volume 10, Issue 25 (6-2018)
Abstract
One of the effective indirect selections methods for improving grain yield and its components is the selection index. In order to develop a suitable selection index for simultaneously increasing yield and its related traits, 100 sunflower inbred lines from different geographical origins were evaluated in randomized complete block designs with three replications at Urmia University in 2015 under normal and salt stress (8 dS/m) conditions. Smith-Hazel and Pesek-Baker indices based on 6 traits including plant high, head diameter, leaf number, one hundred seed weight, head dried weight and grain yield, as well as direct and correlated response of these traits were calculated in each one of salt stress conditions. Correlations between grain yield and selection indices were computed. The highest correlated responses were observed for plant height via seed yield (32.16) and for grain yield via head diameter (14.21) at normal and salt stress conditions, respectively. Head diameter with the highest correlated response for seed yield at normal and salt stress conditions can be considered as a suitable indirect trait for improving seed yield under both conditions. Smith-Hazel’s third indices and Pesek-Bakker’s third indices showed high heritability (0.76, 0.78), genetic correlations (0.87, 0.88) and relative efficiency (0.87, 0.88) and they help to identify the most superior genotypes same to direct selection by grain yield (16, 18) under both conditions. So, selection based on these indices potentially screens the high yielding lines. Based on results, the line ’71’ is introduced as superior line in normal and salt stress conditions.
Esmaeil Gholinezhad, Reza Darvishzadeh,
Volume 10, Issue 26 (9-2018)
Volume 10, Issue 26 (9-2018)
Abstract
Sesame is one of the plants that due to the high content (47-52%) and high quality (low cholesterol and some antioxidants) its seed oil, important role has in human health. An experimental with objective to evaluate eight local landraces of sesame to drought stress based on grain yield and drought tolerance indices using factorial split plot design was conducted with three replications in research field of Urmia agricultural high school. The main factor was consisted different levels of irrigation, normal irrigation (irrigation after 70 mm evaporation of crop (ETc)), moderate drought stress (irrigation after 90 mm ETc) and severe drought stress (irrigation after 110 mm ETc), sub plots including two kinds of mycorrhizae fungi Glomus mosseae, Glomus intraradices and non-inoculated (control). Sub-sub plots consisted of eight local landraces of sesame with names Jiroft13, Zanjan Tarom landrace, Moghan landrace, Naz of several branches, TC-25, TS-3, Darab 14 and Dashtestan 5. Ten drought tolerance indices including mean productivity (MP), geometric mean productivity (GMP), stress tolerance index (STI), harmonic mean (HARM), yield index (YI), drought resistance index (DI), stress non-stress production index (SNPI), modified stress tolerance index in optimum irrigation (MPSTI) and modified stress tolerance index in moderate and severe stress (MSSTI) were calculated based on grain yield under well-watered (YP), moderate drought stress (YS-mild) and severe drought stress (YS-severe) conditions. Based on cluster analysis, the studied local landraces were grouped in 3 clusters in each one of water treatment conditions. Based on biplot analysis, local landraces Moghan landrace and Zanjan Tarom landrace as resistant genotypes and landrace TC-25 were classified as moderately resistant and other local landraces were somewhat susceptible.
Dr Reza Darvishzadeh, Mr. Ali Soleimani Gezeljeh, Dr Hadi Ali Pour, Dr Asa Ebrahimi, Dr Mohammad Reza Bihamta, Mrs Fariba Morsali,
Volume 10, Issue 28 (12-2018)
Volume 10, Issue 28 (12-2018)
Abstract
In order to evaluate the genetic diversity of oily sunflower lines, screening drought tolerance indices and identification of drought tolerant lines, 100 oily sunflower lines were evaluated in a simple lattice design under both well-watered and water-limited stressed conditions in 2016. Based on the potential (Yp) and stress (Ys) yield, quantitative drought tolerance criteria such as: mean productivity (MP), tolerance index (TOL), geometric mean productivity (GMP), harmonic mean (HM), stress susceptibility index (SSI) and stress tolerance index (STI) were calculated. Generally, the line with code number of 8 with average yield of 81.25 gr/plant and line 66 with average yield of 5.43 gr/plant showed maximum and minimum seed yield, respectively. Correlation analysis between drought tolerance indices with well-watered and water-limited stress yields revealed that indices such as MP, GMP, HM and STI are the most suitable criteria for screening sunflower lines. In well-watered and water-limited stressed conditions, the highest value of MP, GMP, STI and HM were observed in line 8. Regarding these four criteria and high values of Yp and Ys, line 8 was chosen as the best line for using as a parental line in hybrid varieties production and development of segregating populations.
Omid Sofalian, Soheila Ahmadpoor, Reza Darvishzadeh, Hosein Hatamzadeh,
Volume 11, Issue 30 (9-2019)
Volume 11, Issue 30 (9-2019)
Abstract
The genotype by environment interaction is a major challenge in the study of quantitative characters because it complicates the interpretation of genetic experiments and do predictions difficult, also it reduces grain seed yield stability in different environments. In order to determine the yield stability, adaptability and analysis of the genotype × environment interaction of oily sunflower inbred lines under normal and salt stress conditions, 100 genotypes coming from different geographical regions were evaluated using a randomized complete block design with three replications for two successive years (2006 to 2007). In stability analysis using statistics such as environmental variance and coefficient of variation, lines 71 and 33 showed minimum variations compared to other lines. Based on Eberhart and Russell regression method, lines 71, 45, 40 and 25 was the most stable genotypes. AMMI statistics revealed lines with code numbers of 71, 77, 93 and 51 as the most stable genotypes. Biplot technique was used to identify the appropriate genotypes for special environments. Based on this method, lines 71, 61 and 17 showed the lowest interaction and considered as the most stable genotypes. However, line 71 showed highest seed yield compared two other lines. The line with code number of 50 showed special stability and high yield under normal conditions whereas lines 90, 48 showed special stability and high yield under salt stress conditions. In conclusion, based on different stability analysis statistics and AMMI analysis the line 71 are introduced as most stable line under normal and salt stress conditions.
Mrs Fariba Morsali Aghajari, Dr Reza Darvishzadeh, Dr Hamid Hatami Maleki, Dr Esmail Gholinezhad, Dr Abdolghader Kalantar,
Volume 11, Issue 31 (12-2019)
Volume 11, Issue 31 (12-2019)
Abstract
Abiotic stress such as drought and salinity stresses considered as important problem in arid and semi-arid regions which have negative impacts on the growth and development of plants. In addition to toxicity effect of salinity stress, it causes drought stress. In this research, for selection of salinity tolerant lines of sunflower using physiological indices, a sunflower germplasm including 100 inbred lines were inspected under both normal and salinity (6 ds/m2) state. Experiment was done in pots which arrayed considering factorial experiment based on complete randomized design with three replications in outdoor conditions. The results showed the significant effect of salinity on seed yield, relative water content, Na+, K+ and K+/Na+ ratio. The effect of genotype was significant on net photosynthesis and chlorophyll content in addition to above mentioned traits. Mean value of studied characters except of sodium concentration were reduced under salt stress compared to normal. In this research, most reduction was observed in K+/Na+ ratio (47.49%), K+ (23.08%) and grain yield (13.84%) and the lowest reduction was observed in chlorophyll content (1.34%) and leaf relative water content (2.67%). Regarding response of the studied lines against salinity stress, inspected germplasm was separated into three groups. Cluster mean comparisons using Tukey test in salinity stress conditions revealed that the highest and lowest mean of traits were observed in clusters II and III, respectively. Recombinant inbred lines including C61, C34, C134a and C153 showed the highest values for most of studied traits specially for K+ content and K+/Na+ ratio. Potassium and potassium/sodium ratio in plant are one of the important criteria for determining salt tolerance; therefore, these lines are potentially introduced as salt tolerant lines.
Reza Darvishzadeh, Iraj Bernousi,
Volume 11, Issue 32 (12-2019)
Volume 11, Issue 32 (12-2019)
Abstract
In order to study the resistance of tobacco genotypes to Broomrape (Orobanche cernua L.), two experiments based on the randomized complete block design with three replications were conducted at non-stress and broomrape stress conditions at the tobacco research center of Urmia for two sucsessive years (2007-2009). The results showed that the broomrape infestation reduced the mean of all studied traits. The maximum reduction was recorded in aerial part dried weight (31%) and root dried weight (30%), respectively. So that, these traits were known as susceptible traits. The traits such as number of leaves, aerial part dried weight and root dried weight showed highly positive and significant correlation with tobacco yield at non-stress and stress conditions, respectively. So, one can use these traits for selecting tobacco genotypes with high yield performence. It was also found that there is a high correlation between the tobacco yield in non-stress and stress conditions with harmonic and geometric mean indices and stress tolerance index, so these indices can be used to assess tolerance to Broomrape stress in tobacco. Cluster analysis grouped the studied genotypes into three clusters containing susceptible genotypes (42 genotypes), moderately resistant (13 genotypes) and resistance (9 genotypes). In overall, the genotypes C.H.T.209.12e, C.H.T.209.12e×F.K.40-1 and genotypes SPT413, SPT432 and SPT412 are introduced as the most resistance and the highest susceptible genotypes to Broomram, respectively.
Maryam Rasoulzadeh Aghdam, Reza Darvishzadeh, Ebrahim Sepehr, Hadi Alipour,
Volume 12, Issue 33 (4-2020)
Volume 12, Issue 33 (4-2020)
Abstract
Phosphorus is one of the most nutrient elements in plants that has multiple structural roles in the cell and catalytic function of the enzymes involved in metabolism. Due to low phosphorus availability in calcareous soils and differences in plant genotypes in soil phosphorus uptake, identification and study of different genotypes with high phosphorus uptake efficiency is essential to reduce the use of chemical fertilizers. For this purpose, 76 pure sunflower lines collected from different parts of the world were investigated in two separated optimum and phosphorus deficiency conditions based on completely randomized design with three replications in Faculty of Agriculture research field, Urmia University during 2017 cropping season. In optimum condition, 0.4 g/kg triple superphosphate was added to the soil with deficient phosphorus content (7.24mg/kg) in each pot. Significant difference was observed at 1% probability level for all investigated traits including plant height, stem diameter, head diameter, thousand seed weight, grain yield and percentage of phosphorus. Oilseed sunflower lines were clustered into four clusters under both optimum and phosphorus deficiency conditions. The distribution of investigated lines in the same clusters was different under optimum and phosphorus deficiency conditions. Finally, based on the biplot of MFVD multivariate tolerance index, principal component analysis and the result of cluster analysis lines 6, 72, 71, 19, 35 were identified as desirable lines. These lines showed high grain yield and yield components and lower reduction under phosphorus
Maryam Tahmasbali, Amir Fayaz Moghaddam, Reza Darvishzadeh, Hossein Abbasi Holasou,
Volume 12, Issue 34 (6-2020)
Volume 12, Issue 34 (6-2020)
Abstract
In this research, the genetic diversity of some oriental and water pipe’s tobacco genotypes was investigated under normal (without Orobanche) and Orobanche stress conditions during 2007-2008 and 2008-2009 at Urmia Tobacco Research Centre with randomized complete block design with three replications. Combined analysis of variance revealed extent genetic variability among the genotypes for most of the studied traits. This suggests that there is high genetic variability among tobacco genotypes for resistance to Orobanche which can be effectively used in biotic resistance breeding programs. A high genotypic coefficient of variation was seen for studied traits especially for FWL and DLYP in normal and Orobanche stress conditions. The highest broad-sense heritability was estimated for FD, NL and PH in both normal and Orobanche stress conditions. The results of the genetic advance calculation showed that the highest genetic advance was related to LAI, APFW, PH and FWL traits. Based on the results of genetic correlation coefficients of traits, positive and significant genetic correlations were observed between DLYP with all studied traits in both normal and Orobanche stress conditions. Cluster analysis classified all tobacco genotypes into four clusters under normal and stress conditions. In Orobanche stress condition, ratings the clusters in view of traits average showed that the second and fourth clusters contain genotypes that are resistant and sensitive to Orobanche stress, respectively. Therefore, by selecting suitable parents from these groups and crossing them, it will be possible to produce segregated populations in Orobanche resistance breeding programs and to make desirable changes in tobacco yield. Results of cluster analysis were confirmed by results of canonical discriminant function results. The principal component analysis identified two components in each condition which explained more than 75 and 73 percent of the total variation in normal and stress conditions, respectively. Genotypes classified in the second cluster can be potentially used in the Orobanche infested areas.
Nahid Habibi, Reza Darvishzadeh, Babak Abdollahi Mandoulakani,
Volume 12, Issue 35 (10-2020)
Volume 12, Issue 35 (10-2020)
Abstract
In this study, the tolerance of sunflower lines was investigated to salinity stress at the molecular level by studying the expression of PMP3 and Dehydrin genes in two oilseed sunflower lines [AS5305 (tolerant) and 9CSA3 (susceptible)] under different levels of salinity; 2, 5, 8, 11 and 14 dS/m (equivalent to 20, 50, 80, 110 and 140 mM NaCl) using real time PCR technique. Sampling of sunflower leaves was performed in 8-leaf stage at five time intervals; 0, 6, 12, 24 and 48 hours after stress application. The results of the study showed that in the early stages of salinity stress, the highest expression of PMP3 gene in AS5305 line was observed at salinity level lower than that for 9CSA3 line (8 vs 11 ds/m). In more advanced stages of salinity stress (24 hours after stress application), the increased expression level of PMP3 gene in AS5305 line was observed at low salt intensity (2 and 5 dS/m) whereas in the case of 9CSA3 line it was observed at more severe salt intensity (5 and 8 dS/m). In relation to Dehydrin gene, an increase in the expression level at the early stages was observed only in 9CSA3 line. In the advanced stages at more sever salinity stress (14 ds/m), the increased expression level of Dehydrin gene was 1.5 times higher in AS5305 line than that in 9CSA3 line. In contrast, at low salt intensity (5 and 8 dS/m), the increased expression level of Dehydrin gene was greater in 9CSA3 line than that in AS5305 line. Therefore, the higher concentrations of salinity stress in advanced and more advanced stages of salinity stress may induce morely the expression level of Dehydrin gene in AS5305 line than that in 9CSA3 line. Totaly the results show that the pattern of expression of studied genes in two investigated lines is different, which is due to their different response to salinity stress. This suggests that these genes are potentially involved in tolerance to salinity stress, which can be useful in breeding and development of plants potentially resistance to stress.
Eng. Abdol Karim Tahmasedi, Dr Reza Darvishzadeh, Dr Amir Fayaz Moghaddam, Dr Esmaeil Gholinezhad, Eng. Hossein Abdi,
Volume 12, Issue 36 (12-2020)
Volume 12, Issue 36 (12-2020)
Abstract
Sesame is one of the oldest and most important oilseeds in Iran and the world due to its nutritional value. In the present study, 25 sesame landraces collected from different regions of the country were evaluated in terms of phenological, morphological and physiological traits in Urmia climate. The ANOVA results showed that there was a statistically significant difference between the landraces in terms of all traits at 1 % probability level. The results of descriptive statistics also confirmed this. Leaf index, number of branches per plant and number of capsules per plant had the highest phenotypic and genotypic diversity coefficient, while day to flowering and capsuling along with oil percentage had the lowest value for these coefficients. Seed yield as the most important trait had a moderate general heritability. The studied sesame landraces were divided into three groups by cluster analysis. The landraces in the first group were in good condition in terms of yield and yield components traits, and if the goal is to select high-yield genotypes, selection from this group will be more effective. In contrast, the third group, which included only one landrace, showed lower values in terms of yield and yield components and had longer-term phenological stages. In principal component analysis, the first component showed positive correlation with yield and yield components except of two hundred grains weight. The results of the present study can be used in sesame future breeding programs.
Mrs Sanaz Khalifani, Mr Ali Ghaffari Azar, Dr Reza Darvishzadeh, Dr Danial Kahrizi, Hadi Alipour,
Volume 13, Issue 38 (7-2021)
Volume 13, Issue 38 (7-2021)
Abstract
Maize (Zea mays L.) is one of the most important food crops worldwide and is widely used as genetic research material for studying various traits. Identification of genetic loci controlling quantitative trait is an important subject in genetics and breeding programs. In the present study, 102 maize inbred lines was evaluated for agro-morphological traits (plant height, plant height until first ear, leaf length, leaf width, leaf surface, leaf area indexear number, chlorophyll content, grain weight per plant, cob’s dry weight, cob’s diameter in first part, cob’s diameter in middle part, cob’s length, plant dry weight, days to tassel emergence, days to first ear emergence, days to second ear emergence) in completely randomized design with six replications. In the molecular experiment, 8 retrotransposon-based molecular markers primers was used for preparing the molecular profile of lines. Eight IRAP and REMAP primer combinations amplified 40 gene loci. Thirty-eight out of 40 loci (95%) showed polymorphism. The PIC values in the studied lines ranged from 0.084 for Ac/Ds to 0.383 for Pangrangja marker. The Nei’s genetic distance between lines prepared from Mashhad and Kermanshah was 0.053, between lines from Karaj and Mashhad was 0.036 and between lines from Kermanshah and Karaj was 0.032. In the analysis of population structure based on molecular markers, 102 studied lines were grouped into two subpopulations (K = 2). In the association analysis of agro-morphological traits based on two GLM and MLM methods, 24 and 12 marker-trait relationships were identified, respectively. In this study, two commons markers; Heartbraker (480) in cob’s diameter in first part and cob’s length and UBC878 × Ruda in ear number and grain weight per plant were identified with both general linear and mixed linear models. This information can be used in selecting individuals during tobacco breeding programs and developing varieties with high yield and performance.
Mrs Faezeh Hoseinpour, Dr Reza Darvishzadeh, Dr Babak Abdollahi Mandoulakani, Mrs Nahid Habibi, Mr Esmael Dardan, Mr Ali Ranjbar,
Volume 13, Issue 39 (10-2021)
Volume 13, Issue 39 (10-2021)
Abstract
Numerous environmental factors affect the growth and development of crop plants. Salinity affects crop production through mineral imbalance (toxicity or deficiency of elements), osmotic and oxidative stresses. In this study, using real-time PCR technology, changes expression levels of SOS2, MYB-related and HD-ZIP genes were evaluated under different salinity stress conditions (2, 5, 8, 11 and 14 dS/m) in two different oil seed sunflower lines (AS5305 and 9CSA3). Leaf sampling was performed at 8-leaf stage at four times; 6, 12, 24 and 48 hours after salinity stress application. SOS2 involve in signal transduction and MYB-related and HD-ZIP act as transcription factors under abiotic stresses. According to the results, the expression pattern of all three genes is different in the studied lines in response to salinity stress. Comparison of the two lines shows that the major increase in expression occurred in line AS5305, and where an increase in expression in line 9CSA3 is seen, in comparison, the rate of increase in corresponding times and salinity is higher in line AS5305 (tolerant line) than that in line 9CSA3 (sensitive line). The results indicate the positive role of these genes in the mechanism of sunflower resistance to salinity stress. On the other hand, in this study, by confirming the resistance of AS5305 line to salinity stress at the molecular level, it is possible to potentially use this line in the production of salinity-resistant hybrid cultivars in plant breeding programs.
Parviz Goudarzi Mokri, Reza Darvishzadeh, Bahram Maleki Zanjani, Seyed Reza Alavi,
Volume 13, Issue 40 (12-2021)
Volume 13, Issue 40 (12-2021)
Abstract
Extended Abstract
Introduction and Objective: Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) is one of the unique industrial and commercial crops from Solanaceae family. Chlorine as a micronutrient has positive effects on tobacco leaf quality, but its higher amounts (more than 2 percent of dry weight) reduce the quality of tobacco leaves. A breeding project was designed and implemented to achieve new lines with low chloride accumulation in leaves.
Materials and Methods: Based on the results of diallel and generation mean analyses, the Basma Seres 31 × SPT 406 combination was selected and the management of segregant populations was continued with pedigree method until reaching to promising lines with low chlorine accumulation. Four lines with the least Cl accumulation were selected from F7 of above mentioned cross combination. The four promising lines (including 11, 37, 38 and 45) together with two commercial tobacco cultivars as controls, Basma Seres 31 and Urmia 205; famous for accumulating high level of Cl in leaf, were evaluated in completely randomized block design with three replications at two locations (Marangalou-e-Bozorgh village /Urmia and Bastam village/Qarezyadin with high soil and irrigation water chloride levels) during 2018 and 2019 growing seasons.
Results: Analysis of variance revealed significant difference among the tobacco lines for Cl accumulation in leaves and dry leaf yield. Based on the first and second years of experiments results, the Cl accumulation ranged from 1.89 -3.20 and 1.79 -3.29 percent and leaf yield ranged from 1388-3574 and 1320-3108 kg/hectare, respectively. Based on the means comparisons, line 45 and line 11 presented least accumulation rate of Cl; 1.79 and 1.99 percent. This rate was 3.30 and 3.20 percent for check cultivars; Basma Seres 31 and Urmia 205. Means comparison of yield revealed that cultivar Urmia 205 and line 11 with 2840 and 2775 kg/hectare dry leaf yield had maximum and line 45 with 1508 kg/hectare had minimum dry leaf yield.
Conclusion: Line 11 with low Cl uptake and high and stable dry leaf yield is the best line among the studied lines and cultivars. Therefore, in the areas under tobacco cultivation in West Azerbaijan where there is high chlorine in soil and irrigation water (more than 1.5 milliequivalents per liter of saturated extract) and the obtained product contains more than 3% chlorine per dry weight and that's why tobacco cultivation is banned; line 11 can be cultivated and thus oriental tobacco cultivation can be maintained and revived in this region.
Introduction and Objective: Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) is one of the unique industrial and commercial crops from Solanaceae family. Chlorine as a micronutrient has positive effects on tobacco leaf quality, but its higher amounts (more than 2 percent of dry weight) reduce the quality of tobacco leaves. A breeding project was designed and implemented to achieve new lines with low chloride accumulation in leaves.
Materials and Methods: Based on the results of diallel and generation mean analyses, the Basma Seres 31 × SPT 406 combination was selected and the management of segregant populations was continued with pedigree method until reaching to promising lines with low chlorine accumulation. Four lines with the least Cl accumulation were selected from F7 of above mentioned cross combination. The four promising lines (including 11, 37, 38 and 45) together with two commercial tobacco cultivars as controls, Basma Seres 31 and Urmia 205; famous for accumulating high level of Cl in leaf, were evaluated in completely randomized block design with three replications at two locations (Marangalou-e-Bozorgh village /Urmia and Bastam village/Qarezyadin with high soil and irrigation water chloride levels) during 2018 and 2019 growing seasons.
Results: Analysis of variance revealed significant difference among the tobacco lines for Cl accumulation in leaves and dry leaf yield. Based on the first and second years of experiments results, the Cl accumulation ranged from 1.89 -3.20 and 1.79 -3.29 percent and leaf yield ranged from 1388-3574 and 1320-3108 kg/hectare, respectively. Based on the means comparisons, line 45 and line 11 presented least accumulation rate of Cl; 1.79 and 1.99 percent. This rate was 3.30 and 3.20 percent for check cultivars; Basma Seres 31 and Urmia 205. Means comparison of yield revealed that cultivar Urmia 205 and line 11 with 2840 and 2775 kg/hectare dry leaf yield had maximum and line 45 with 1508 kg/hectare had minimum dry leaf yield.
Conclusion: Line 11 with low Cl uptake and high and stable dry leaf yield is the best line among the studied lines and cultivars. Therefore, in the areas under tobacco cultivation in West Azerbaijan where there is high chlorine in soil and irrigation water (more than 1.5 milliequivalents per liter of saturated extract) and the obtained product contains more than 3% chlorine per dry weight and that's why tobacco cultivation is banned; line 11 can be cultivated and thus oriental tobacco cultivation can be maintained and revived in this region.
Fatemeh Hassanzadeh, Dr. Rasool Asghari Zakaria, Dr. Reza Darvishzadeh, Dr. Nooralddin Hosseinpour Azad,
Volume 14, Issue 41 (3-2022)
Volume 14, Issue 41 (3-2022)
Abstract
Extended Abstract
Introduction and Objective: Polyploidy is one of the main factors in plant adaptation that can increase secondary metabolites production in plants. Salvia officinalis L. is a perennial plant from the Lamiaceae family with a long history of use in the medicinal industry. Tanshinones are crucial active compounds biosynthesized in Salvia. This study was aimed to analyze the expression of genes involved in the tanshinones biosynthesis pathway in diploid and tetraploid sage plants and compare between them.
Material and Methods: polyploidy in S. officinalis was induced by seed treatment with 0.5% colchicine for 24 h, and tetraploid plants were selected and confirmed by flow cytometry, chromosomal observations, morphological characteristics, and the number of stomata. RNA was extracted from the leaves samples of diploid and tetraploid plants of sage and then cDNA synthesis and the gene expression analysis of genes involved in the biosynthesis of tanshinones including KSL, IPPI, CMK, and DXR genes was performed using real-time PCR. In order to investigate the expression of genes by RT-PCR in sage leaf samples, the 18srRNA gene was used as a reference gene to normalize the data. The thermal program for amplification of the target genes by the RT-PCR method included the initial activation of the enzyme, the steps of denaturation, and binding of primers. The amplification accuracy of the genes product was confirmed by the melting curve of each gene and the amplification validity was checked by gel electrophoresis.
Results: Evaluation of the quality of extracted RNAs with 1% agarose gel showed a relatively good quality of the extracted RNAs. The melting curves obtained from the RT-PCR reaction using forward and reverse primers for the target genes showed that the primers bind correctly to the target sites at the specified temperature and cause their specific amplification. The results of RT-PCR showed that the expression of the genes involved in the biosynthesis pathway of tanshinones including KSL, IPPI, CMK, and DXR genes in tetraploid plants was significantly increased compared with diploids.
Conclusion: In tetraploid plants, the expression of genes involved in the biosynthesis of tanshinones increased and this could increase the production of these secondary metabolites. Analysis of gene expression in different polyploidy series can increase our knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of biosynthesis of secondary metabolites and improve their production through polyploidy induction.
Introduction and Objective: Polyploidy is one of the main factors in plant adaptation that can increase secondary metabolites production in plants. Salvia officinalis L. is a perennial plant from the Lamiaceae family with a long history of use in the medicinal industry. Tanshinones are crucial active compounds biosynthesized in Salvia. This study was aimed to analyze the expression of genes involved in the tanshinones biosynthesis pathway in diploid and tetraploid sage plants and compare between them.
Material and Methods: polyploidy in S. officinalis was induced by seed treatment with 0.5% colchicine for 24 h, and tetraploid plants were selected and confirmed by flow cytometry, chromosomal observations, morphological characteristics, and the number of stomata. RNA was extracted from the leaves samples of diploid and tetraploid plants of sage and then cDNA synthesis and the gene expression analysis of genes involved in the biosynthesis of tanshinones including KSL, IPPI, CMK, and DXR genes was performed using real-time PCR. In order to investigate the expression of genes by RT-PCR in sage leaf samples, the 18srRNA gene was used as a reference gene to normalize the data. The thermal program for amplification of the target genes by the RT-PCR method included the initial activation of the enzyme, the steps of denaturation, and binding of primers. The amplification accuracy of the genes product was confirmed by the melting curve of each gene and the amplification validity was checked by gel electrophoresis.
Results: Evaluation of the quality of extracted RNAs with 1% agarose gel showed a relatively good quality of the extracted RNAs. The melting curves obtained from the RT-PCR reaction using forward and reverse primers for the target genes showed that the primers bind correctly to the target sites at the specified temperature and cause their specific amplification. The results of RT-PCR showed that the expression of the genes involved in the biosynthesis pathway of tanshinones including KSL, IPPI, CMK, and DXR genes in tetraploid plants was significantly increased compared with diploids.
Conclusion: In tetraploid plants, the expression of genes involved in the biosynthesis of tanshinones increased and this could increase the production of these secondary metabolites. Analysis of gene expression in different polyploidy series can increase our knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of biosynthesis of secondary metabolites and improve their production through polyploidy induction.
Esmaeil Gholinezhad, Reza Darvishzadeh, Abbas Abhari,
Volume 14, Issue 44 (12-2022)
Volume 14, Issue 44 (12-2022)
Abstract
Extended Abstract
Introduction and Objectives: One of the methods that has been used in recent years to deal with dehydration and drought stress in many plants is the use of root symbiotic fungi (mycorrhiza). Ecological and physiological studies have shown that mycorrhizal symbiosis often results in better absorption of water and nutrients from the soil. Due to the importance of oilseeds and especially sesame, the study of commercial cultivars in terms of genetic variation, phenotypic components and heritability of traits is important. Sesame due to its high oil content (52-42 Percentage) and its proper quality (low cholesterol and the presence of some antioxidants) play an important role in human health and on the other hand the plant tolerates dehydration and drought stress. Currently, water stress is the most important and common factor in reducing yield in arid and semi-arid regions. High heritability for a trait indicates that the major part of phenotypic variance is due to genetic variance, while in low heritability, genetic factors have a smaller share in phototypic diversity. The aim of this study was to estimate the variance components and heritability of grain yield and related traits in 8 commercial sesame cultivars under different irrigation conditions.
Material and Methods: In order to investigate the genetic diversity and the heritability of grain yield and yield components in sesame, 8 commercial cultivars were studied in three separate experiments using factorial split plot based on randomized block complete design with three replications in research field of Agricultural Research Center, West-Azerbaijan in 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 cropping seasons. The main plots (factor A and B) consisted of three different levels of irrigations (normal irrigation: irrigation after 70 mm evapotraspiration of crop or ETc, moderate drought stress: irrigation after 90 mm ETc and severe drought stress: irrigation after 110 mm ETc) and factor B included three levels: two species of mycorrhiza fungi Glomus mosseae, Glomus intraradices and non-inoculated (control). Sub plots (factor C) consisted of eight commercial cultivars of sesame.
Results: The results of analysis of variance showed that the effect of environment, genotype and the interaction of environment × genotype on most of the studied traits were significant. In optimal irrigation regimes, moderate and severe drought stress under inoculation and non-inoculation conditions with mycorrhiza, the highest genetic variance was observed in biological yield, number of seeds per square meter and seed yield, respectively. The highest heritability in optimum irrigation conditions without mycorrhiza inoculation of traits (seed yield and number of grains per capsule), in optimum irrigation conditions and inoculation with mycorrhiza (both two species) (seed yield and 1000 seed weight), in moderate drought stress conditions and no inoculation with mycorrhiza (seed yield, 1000 seed weight and number of seeds per capsule), under moderate drought stress and inoculation with mycorrhiza G. mosseae (1000 seed weight and number of grains per capsule), under moderate stress conditions and inoculation with mycorrhiza G. intradices (seed yield, 1000 seed weight and number of grains per capsule), under severe drought stress conditions and without inoculation with mycorrhiza (stem diameter and 1000 seed weight), under severe drought stress conditions and inoculation with mycorrhiza G. mosseae (stem diameter, number of seeds per capsule and number of seeds per square meter) and in conditions of severe drought stress and inoculation with mycorrhiza G. intraradices (stem diameter, number of seeds per square meter and 1000 seed weight) were observed. Seed yield, biological yield and seed yield components had high genetic gain and genetic advance in all three different irrigation conditions. Among the components of grain yield, considering that the heritability of number of seeds per capsule and 1000 seed weight in all three different irrigation conditions is higher compared to the number of capsules per plant, so selection through number of seeds per capsule and 1000 seed weight to increase seed yield will be more efficient.
Conclusion: Therefore, commercial sesame cultivars that have more seeds per capsule and a 1000 seed weight can be used in breeding programs to produce cultivars with high seed yield. According to the information of this study, only general heritability can be calculated, but since many studies on commercial sesame cultivars in interaction with different conditions of irrigation and inoculation and non-inoculation with mycorrhiza have not been done, so this study can useful for researchers.
Introduction and Objectives: One of the methods that has been used in recent years to deal with dehydration and drought stress in many plants is the use of root symbiotic fungi (mycorrhiza). Ecological and physiological studies have shown that mycorrhizal symbiosis often results in better absorption of water and nutrients from the soil. Due to the importance of oilseeds and especially sesame, the study of commercial cultivars in terms of genetic variation, phenotypic components and heritability of traits is important. Sesame due to its high oil content (52-42 Percentage) and its proper quality (low cholesterol and the presence of some antioxidants) play an important role in human health and on the other hand the plant tolerates dehydration and drought stress. Currently, water stress is the most important and common factor in reducing yield in arid and semi-arid regions. High heritability for a trait indicates that the major part of phenotypic variance is due to genetic variance, while in low heritability, genetic factors have a smaller share in phototypic diversity. The aim of this study was to estimate the variance components and heritability of grain yield and related traits in 8 commercial sesame cultivars under different irrigation conditions.
Material and Methods: In order to investigate the genetic diversity and the heritability of grain yield and yield components in sesame, 8 commercial cultivars were studied in three separate experiments using factorial split plot based on randomized block complete design with three replications in research field of Agricultural Research Center, West-Azerbaijan in 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 cropping seasons. The main plots (factor A and B) consisted of three different levels of irrigations (normal irrigation: irrigation after 70 mm evapotraspiration of crop or ETc, moderate drought stress: irrigation after 90 mm ETc and severe drought stress: irrigation after 110 mm ETc) and factor B included three levels: two species of mycorrhiza fungi Glomus mosseae, Glomus intraradices and non-inoculated (control). Sub plots (factor C) consisted of eight commercial cultivars of sesame.
Results: The results of analysis of variance showed that the effect of environment, genotype and the interaction of environment × genotype on most of the studied traits were significant. In optimal irrigation regimes, moderate and severe drought stress under inoculation and non-inoculation conditions with mycorrhiza, the highest genetic variance was observed in biological yield, number of seeds per square meter and seed yield, respectively. The highest heritability in optimum irrigation conditions without mycorrhiza inoculation of traits (seed yield and number of grains per capsule), in optimum irrigation conditions and inoculation with mycorrhiza (both two species) (seed yield and 1000 seed weight), in moderate drought stress conditions and no inoculation with mycorrhiza (seed yield, 1000 seed weight and number of seeds per capsule), under moderate drought stress and inoculation with mycorrhiza G. mosseae (1000 seed weight and number of grains per capsule), under moderate stress conditions and inoculation with mycorrhiza G. intradices (seed yield, 1000 seed weight and number of grains per capsule), under severe drought stress conditions and without inoculation with mycorrhiza (stem diameter and 1000 seed weight), under severe drought stress conditions and inoculation with mycorrhiza G. mosseae (stem diameter, number of seeds per capsule and number of seeds per square meter) and in conditions of severe drought stress and inoculation with mycorrhiza G. intraradices (stem diameter, number of seeds per square meter and 1000 seed weight) were observed. Seed yield, biological yield and seed yield components had high genetic gain and genetic advance in all three different irrigation conditions. Among the components of grain yield, considering that the heritability of number of seeds per capsule and 1000 seed weight in all three different irrigation conditions is higher compared to the number of capsules per plant, so selection through number of seeds per capsule and 1000 seed weight to increase seed yield will be more efficient.
Conclusion: Therefore, commercial sesame cultivars that have more seeds per capsule and a 1000 seed weight can be used in breeding programs to produce cultivars with high seed yield. According to the information of this study, only general heritability can be calculated, but since many studies on commercial sesame cultivars in interaction with different conditions of irrigation and inoculation and non-inoculation with mycorrhiza have not been done, so this study can useful for researchers.
Mona Bordbar, Reza Darvishzadeh, Maghsoud Pazhouhandeh,
Volume 15, Issue 45 (5-2023)
Volume 15, Issue 45 (5-2023)
Abstract
Extended Abstract
Introduction and Objective: Environmental stresses such as drought, salinity, cold and heat stress as one of the consequences of climate change are the main factors of reduction in agricultural products. Study of gene expression (transcriptomic studies) plays an essential role in understanding the mechanism of plants in dealing with environmental stresses. Gene expression is the process by which information encoded in a gene is produced in the form of a transcript, which often the transcript itself or its protein product involves in various molecular processes and mechanisms in the cell and ultimately in the life of the organism. Assessing gene expression levels is an important step in elucidating gene functions temporally and spatially.
Material and Methods: This review article is a content analysis study that has been performed by searching Transcriptome analysis, RNA sequencing, suppression subtractive hybridization, microarray, polymerase chain reaction keywords in related articles on google scholar, science direct, PubMed and scopus websites.
Results: Decades ago, typical studies were focusing on a few genes individually via techniques such as northern blot, or RNA blot, western blot, microarray hybridization, subtractive hybridization (SH), suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH), real-time polymerase chain reaction (real-time PCR), whereas now researchers are able to examine whole genomes at once thanks to sequencing based approaches such as RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). The upgrade of throughput levels aided the introduction of systems biology approaches whereby cell functional networks can be scrutinized in their entireties to unravel potential functional interacting components. The birth of systems biology goes hand-in-hand with huge technological advancements and enables a fairly rapid detection of all transcripts in the studied biological samples. Even so, earlier technologies that were restricted to probing single genes or a subset of genes still have their place in the research laboratories.
Conclusion: The objective of this study was to describe the types of methods used in the gene expression analysis in plant responses to environmental stresses, or, more generally, any other conditions of interest. The choice of technique or strategy used is determined by the available technology and equipments along with the costs and limitations of the analysis. In selection of techniques for a particular study, these limitations should be minimized methodologically or statistically so that the results are reliable and representative of the situation under study.
Introduction and Objective: Environmental stresses such as drought, salinity, cold and heat stress as one of the consequences of climate change are the main factors of reduction in agricultural products. Study of gene expression (transcriptomic studies) plays an essential role in understanding the mechanism of plants in dealing with environmental stresses. Gene expression is the process by which information encoded in a gene is produced in the form of a transcript, which often the transcript itself or its protein product involves in various molecular processes and mechanisms in the cell and ultimately in the life of the organism. Assessing gene expression levels is an important step in elucidating gene functions temporally and spatially.
Material and Methods: This review article is a content analysis study that has been performed by searching Transcriptome analysis, RNA sequencing, suppression subtractive hybridization, microarray, polymerase chain reaction keywords in related articles on google scholar, science direct, PubMed and scopus websites.
Results: Decades ago, typical studies were focusing on a few genes individually via techniques such as northern blot, or RNA blot, western blot, microarray hybridization, subtractive hybridization (SH), suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH), real-time polymerase chain reaction (real-time PCR), whereas now researchers are able to examine whole genomes at once thanks to sequencing based approaches such as RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). The upgrade of throughput levels aided the introduction of systems biology approaches whereby cell functional networks can be scrutinized in their entireties to unravel potential functional interacting components. The birth of systems biology goes hand-in-hand with huge technological advancements and enables a fairly rapid detection of all transcripts in the studied biological samples. Even so, earlier technologies that were restricted to probing single genes or a subset of genes still have their place in the research laboratories.
Conclusion: The objective of this study was to describe the types of methods used in the gene expression analysis in plant responses to environmental stresses, or, more generally, any other conditions of interest. The choice of technique or strategy used is determined by the available technology and equipments along with the costs and limitations of the analysis. In selection of techniques for a particular study, these limitations should be minimized methodologically or statistically so that the results are reliable and representative of the situation under study.
Mrs Fatemeh Firouzkouhi, Dr. Reza Darvishzadeh, Dr. Iraj Bernousi, Raheleh Ghasemzadeh,
Volume 16, Issue 1 (4-2024)
Volume 16, Issue 1 (4-2024)
Abstract
Extended abstract
Introduction and Objective: Maize (Zea mays L.) is the third most important cereal after wheat and rice, which accounts for 26% of total cereal cultivated area and 37% of their production. Maize is a valuable raw material for extracting oil, starch, alcohol, glucose, plastic, lactic acid, acetic acid, acetone and paint, and it is possible to made paper, cardboard, and nitrocellulose from its stalks. As an important nutrient, phosphorus plays important role in energy transfer, photosynthetic oxidation-reduction reactions, as well as in biochemical compounds including nucleic acids, structural proteins, enzymes, and signal transmission. Due to the predominance of calcareous soils with high pH in arid and semi-arid agricultural climates, the amount of available phosphorus is limited. In order to increase available phosphorus for plants, large amounts of phosphorus chemical fertilizers are needed regularly. However, a large amount of phosphorus in fertilizers may be converted to insoluble phosphate, immediately by reaction with calcium in the soil after its application. On the other hand, indiscriminate use of phosphorus chemical fertilizers leads to many environmental problems such as surface runoff of phosphorus, eutrophication of aquatic ecosystems, reduction of biodiversity and abnormal changes in soil salt concentration and pH. Breeding cultivars that absorb phosphate or phosphorus more efficiently is one of the solutions to deal with the stress of phosphorus deficiency as a trait with low heredity. The use of selection indices can be an effective method for the indirect selection of traits with complex genetics.
Material and Methods: 93 maize genotypes prepared from different research centers were evaluated in terms of agro-morphological traits under normal and phosphorus deficit conditions using completely randomized design with three replications in the crop year 2016-2017 in an open area conditions. For this purpose, after analyzing the soil of different regions, soil with low phosphorus content (7.240 mg/kg) was selected and the pots (15 kg) were filled with soil and sand in a ratio of two to one. Usable soil phosphorus was determined by the Olsen method in the soil science laboratory of Urmia University. In both optimal and phosphorus deficit conditions, soil was strengthened with nitrogen fertilizers (in the amount of 9 g/pot (during three stages during the growth period)), potassium sulfate (in the amount of 13.5 g/pot), Sequestrin (1.5 g /pot), manganese sulfate (0.225 g/pot), zinc sulfate (0.99 g/pot), copper sulfate (0.3 g/pot) and boric acid (0.21 g/pot). In optimal conditions, phosphorus fertilizer in the form of triple superphosphate was added to each pot in the amount of 6 g/pot. Phosphorous fertilizer was not added to the soil in the phosphorus deficit conditions. With the beginning of the tasseling stage, various agro-morphological and chemical traits were measured. In the physiological maturity stage, the ears relating to each replication were separated from the plants. Seed yield per plant was determined by separating the seeds on the ears of each plant and weighing it. In order to select the desired genotypes, four selection indexes including Smith-Hazel, Pesek-Baker, Brim and Robinson indices were calculated. In this study, the same weight was considered for the attributes, which is done in this way in most studies. To select the best selection index, different criteria, including the genetic gain of traits (∆G), expected gain (∆H) and relative efficiency of selection index (RE) were calculated.
Results: According to analysis of variance results, the effect of genotype and stress was significant on all studied traits at the probability level of 1%. Also, the interaction effect of genotype × stress was significant on all studied traits except for flag leaf length (FLL), flag leaf width (FLW), number of leaves (NL), plant height (PH), stem diameter (SD), ear length (EL), number of rows per ear (RpE), number of grain per row (GpR), ear diameter (ED) and 100 seeds weight (HGW). In the normal conditions (without stress) in the Smith-Hazel index (optimal index), the highest coefficient (7.21 and 3.98,) was observed in FLW and ear length (EL) traits, respectively, and the lowest ones (-3.03) was observed in RpE trait. In the phosphorus deficit conditions, the highest coefficient (3.91) was observed in EL and the lowest ones (-5.35) was observed in RpE trait. In the Pesak-Baker index, under normal conditions, the highest coefficient (5.64) was observed in GpR trait and the lowest ones (-9.28) was observed in EL. In phosphorus deficit conditions, the highest coefficient (8.49) was seen in FLW trait, followed by EL (4.53) and the lowest ones (-2.17) was observed in RpE. The highest coefficient in Robinson's index under normal conditions was 2.21 for LW, which was -5.91 for that under phosphorus deficit conditions. In this index, the lowest coefficient was seen in RpE (-0.92). In Robinson's index, under phosphorus deficit conditions, the highest coefficient (1.46) was seen in EL, and the lowest ones (-5.92) was seen in FLW, followed by RpE with a value of -2.13. The Smith-Hazel index with expected gain (∆H) value of 296.306 and 229.374, and relative efficiency of (RE) of 1.0011 and 1.0839 and the Brim with expected gain (∆H) value of 296.217 and 233.083, and relative efficiency of selection index (RE) of 0.9995 and 1.0836, in normal and phosphorus deficit conditions, respectively, were the best indices. Under both normal and phosphorus deficit conditions, biomass yield, seed yield, and plant height had the highest coefficients for these indices. Based on both indices, genotype with cod number 7 and the genotype with cod number 10 are introduced as superior genotypes under normal and phosphorus deficient conditions, respectively.
Conclusion: In general, the results of present investigation showed that in both normal and phosphorus deficit conditions, selection based on the Smith-Hazel and Brim indices will increase the biomass yield, seed yield and plant height due to their highest relative efficiency and expected gain. The selected genotypes after validation at the molecular level with different technologies, such as studying the expression of genes involved in tolerance to phosphorus deficit conditions using Real time PCR, can be used in the production of hybrid varieties as a way to reduce the use of phosphorus fertilizers.
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