Hamid Reza Fanaei *1, Behzad Sorkhi Laleloo1, Seyed Mohammad Alavi-Siney1, Majid Reza Kiani Freez1, Ali Eftekhari1, Abolghasem Moradgholi1, Manni Marefatzadeh-Khameneh1, Hossein Akbari Moghadam
1- Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization
Abstract: (17 Views)
Objective: Considering that some medicinal plants have high resistance to drought, utilizing these species can be considered one of the strategies to increase productivity and manage water consumption in agricultural farming systems. Cumin is suitable option for production in limited lands due to its nativeness, the presence of indigenous and diverse masses adapted to the diverse weather conditions of the country, and having genes for resistance to drought, salinity, pests and diseases. Despite the valuable features of green cumin, no officially improved varieties of this plant have been introduced so far; therefore, identifying and studying the genetic and functional diversity in the germplasm available in plant gene banks is significant importance for breeding purposes. The main breeding objectives in green cumin include increasing seed yield, improving essential oil quality with an emphasis on effective medicinal compounds, and enhancing resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses such as diseases and drought. The goal of this experiment was to evaluate genotypes, environments, relationships between genotypes and environments, and finally to identify stable genotypes with high performance and general and specific compatibility of cumin using the GGE-Biplot graphic method.
Method: In order to evaluate the stability of seed yield of 36 cumin genotypes, an experiment was conducted in complete randomized block design (RCBD) with 3 replications in 5 research stations including (Jiroft, Mashhad, Birjand, Zabul and Karaj) in 1401-1402. The seeds of each genotype were planted in 4 rows with a row distance of 20 cm. In order to achieve a density of 100-120 plants per square meter, in the 5-leaf stage, the field was thinned with a distance of 5-7 cm between two plants on the line. The plants were harvested at the ripening stage (80% yellowing of the plant) and after the plants were completely dried, they were pounded and the seeds were separated from the straw then the seed yield per unit area was calculated. Data were analyzed using SAS and SPSS software. GGE-Biplot graphical method was used to analyze the stability of the studied genotypes and interpret the genotype × environment interaction and determine the super environment.
Results: The results of combined variance analysis based on the data of five environments for grain yield showed that the effect of genotype, environment and the interaction between genotype and environment was significant. Analysis of stability was done for genotypes in different environments due to the significance of both the environment and the interaction of genotype × environment. The results of GGE-Biplot analysis showed that the two main components explained 67% of the total variation of genotype-environment interaction variance. Based on the polygon diagram, two macro environments and the compatible genotypes of each environment were determined. Genotypes G30 and G6 show the best reaction as specific compatibility in super environment 1 including Mashhad, Zabul, Birjand and Karaj. This super environment allocated almost 4 of the investigated environments located in the warm of the south of the country and temperate climate, with the exception of Jiroft, which indicated the importance of determining this super environment. The second Super environment included Jiroft and G35 genotype was identified as the superior genotype of this environment with specific compatibility. The genotype G30 Based on the biplot was ideal genotype and then the genotypes G24, G31, G5, G26, G6, G33 and G32 had the smallest distance from the ideal genotype, so in terms of both average performance and stability, it is better than other genotypes and they had high general compatibility in the studied environments. Also, based on the results of the biplot of the ideal environment, the Mashhad environment showed the most differentiation and it was found to be the most suitable environment to compare cumin genotypes.
Conclusions: Considering the current climatic conditions of the country and the persistence of drought and water shortage in most parts of the country, especially in hot and dry regions, the necessity of using stable cultivars with high yield potential has always been considered. In this research, stable and superior genotypes were clearly identified graphically, which shows the appropriate efficiency of the GGE biplot method for selecting high-yielding and stable cultivars. The Mashhad environment can be introduced as a favorable environment for selecting the best cumin genotypes. In total based on the results, G30, G6, G5, G26 and G35 genotypes were identified as suitable and ideal choices for cumin in the regions due to their higher seed yield, stability in performance and general and specific compatibility. These genotypes can be evaluated in research and extension trials under farmers' conditions, and the superior genotype(s), compared to the local check, can enter the process of introducing new cumin cultivars.
Method: In order to evaluate the stability of seed yield of 36 cumin genotypes, an experiment was conducted in complete randomized block design (RCBD) with 3 replications in 5 research stations including (Jiroft, Mashhad, Birjand, Zabul and Karaj) in 1401-1402. The seeds of each genotype were planted in 4 rows with a row distance of 20 cm. In order to achieve a density of 100-120 plants per square meter, in the 5-leaf stage, the field was thinned with a distance of 5-7 cm between two plants on the line. The plants were harvested at the ripening stage (80% yellowing of the plant) and after the plants were completely dried, they were pounded and the seeds were separated from the straw then the seed yield per unit area was calculated. Data were analyzed using SAS and SPSS software. GGE-Biplot graphical method was used to analyze the stability of the studied genotypes and interpret the genotype × environment interaction and determine the super environment.
Results: The results of combined variance analysis based on the data of five environments for grain yield showed that the effect of genotype, environment and the interaction between genotype and environment was significant. Analysis of stability was done for genotypes in different environments due to the significance of both the environment and the interaction of genotype × environment. The results of GGE-Biplot analysis showed that the two main components explained 67% of the total variation of genotype-environment interaction variance. Based on the polygon diagram, two macro environments and the compatible genotypes of each environment were determined. Genotypes G30 and G6 show the best reaction as specific compatibility in super environment 1 including Mashhad, Zabul, Birjand and Karaj. This super environment allocated almost 4 of the investigated environments located in the warm of the south of the country and temperate climate, with the exception of Jiroft, which indicated the importance of determining this super environment. The second Super environment included Jiroft and G35 genotype was identified as the superior genotype of this environment with specific compatibility. The genotype G30 Based on the biplot was ideal genotype and then the genotypes G24, G31, G5, G26, G6, G33 and G32 had the smallest distance from the ideal genotype, so in terms of both average performance and stability, it is better than other genotypes and they had high general compatibility in the studied environments. Also, based on the results of the biplot of the ideal environment, the Mashhad environment showed the most differentiation and it was found to be the most suitable environment to compare cumin genotypes.
Conclusions: Considering the current climatic conditions of the country and the persistence of drought and water shortage in most parts of the country, especially in hot and dry regions, the necessity of using stable cultivars with high yield potential has always been considered. In this research, stable and superior genotypes were clearly identified graphically, which shows the appropriate efficiency of the GGE biplot method for selecting high-yielding and stable cultivars. The Mashhad environment can be introduced as a favorable environment for selecting the best cumin genotypes. In total based on the results, G30, G6, G5, G26 and G35 genotypes were identified as suitable and ideal choices for cumin in the regions due to their higher seed yield, stability in performance and general and specific compatibility. These genotypes can be evaluated in research and extension trials under farmers' conditions, and the superior genotype(s), compared to the local check, can enter the process of introducing new cumin cultivars.
Type of Study: Applicable |
Subject:
اصلاح نباتات، بیومتری
Received: 2025/01/18 | Accepted: 2025/09/22
Received: 2025/01/18 | Accepted: 2025/09/22
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