Volume 18, Issue 1 (3-2026)
J Crop Breed 2026, 18(1): 132-148 |
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Noori F, Pirdashti H, Yaghoubian Y, Emamian Tabarestani M. (2026). Morphophysiological Evaluation of Flooding Stress Tolerance in Brassica (Brassica spp.) Genotypes. J Crop Breed. 18(1), 132-148. doi:10.61882/jcb.2026.1617
URL: http://jcb.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-1617-en.html
URL: http://jcb.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-1617-en.html
1- Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Sari, Iran
2- Department of Agronomy, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Sari, Iran
2- Department of Agronomy, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Sari, Iran
Abstract: (188 Views)
Extended Abstract
Background: Flooding is one of the most significant abiotic stresses and a major limiting factor for agricultural production worldwide, adversely affecting the growth, development, and final yield of crop plants. Since the Brassica genus, including rapeseed (Brassica napus L.), is one of the most important sources of vegetable oil globally, it is essential to identify tolerant genotypes to flooding stress. The development and enhancement of flooding-tolerant and stress-adapted rapeseed cultivars are important for a sustainable increase in oil production. Accordingly, the present study was conducted to evaluate the response of Brassica genotypes under flooding stress by examining morphophysiological traits.
Methods: This study was conducted as a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications under greenhouse conditions during the 2022–2023 growing season. The experiment examined three durations of flooding stress (0, 8, and 16 days) across 20 genotypes of Brassica spp. Flooding stress was applied at the four-leaf stage (BBCH = 14). The measured various morphological and physiological traits were stem and root lengths, stem diameter (SD), the number of green and yellow leaves (NGL and NYL), leaves, stem and root fresh and dry weights (LFW, SFW, RFW, LDW, SDW, and RDW), leaf area (LA), chlorophyll content (Chl), relative water content (RWC), and electrolyte leakage (EL). Additionally, analysis of variance (ANOVA), cluster analysis, and biplot (GGE) analysis were performed to evaluate the relationships among the morphological and physiological traits and to determine the relative importance of these traits in contributing to the performance of the studied genotypes.
Results: Varying levels of flooding stress negatively affected the examined traits. Furthermore, different genotypes markedly varied under different flooding conditions. Cluster analysis categorized the genotypes into two clusters under control (non-flooded) and severe flooding conditions, and into three clusters under moderate flooding. Under non-flooded conditions, Group II, which included the genotypes Liberdona, Burgundy, and Barossa, demonstrated significantly better performance than Group I. Under moderate flooding, Group III, including Liberdona and Burgundy, exhibited the best performance. Under severe flooding, Group I, which comprised Burgundy and Liberdona, was identified as the superior group. Discriminant function analysis confirmed the accuracy of genotype grouping at all stress levels, achieving a 100% correct classification rate across all three levels. The Wilks' Lambda values were statistically significant for the first functions. Biplot analysis corroborated these findings, indicating that the Burgundy and Liberdona genotypes performed best across all three flooding levels and were closest to the ideal genotype. In contrast, the Topas and PGR genotypes consistently exhibited the weakest performance under all conditions. Mean comparisons of traits among groups in the control condition revealed significant differences in SD, LA, and DW. Under moderate flooding, the groups exhibited significant differences in LA, DW, and plant height (PH). In severe flooding conditions, SD, LA, and DW also contributed to significant differences among the groups. Correlation analysis revealed a significant positive correlation between LDW and SD, LA, and RDW. GGE biplot analysis under control conditions indicated that the first and second principal components explained 35.49% and 21.11% of the total variance, respectively, accounting for a cumulative total of 56.60% of the variation. Under moderate flooding, the two components explained 35.99% and 15.31% of the total variance, respectively, resulting in a cumulative total of 51.30%. Under severe flooding conditions, the first and second components accounted for 29.57% and 20.03% of the total variance, respectively, cumulatively explaining 49.78% of the total variation.
Conclusion: Based on the graphical GGE biplot analysis, LDW, RDW, and LA were identified as key morphophysiological indicators for selecting flooding-tolerant genotypes. Since both yield and stability traits are essential for identifying superior genotypes across various environments, Burgundy and Liberdona were classified as tolerant genotypes, while Topas and PGR were identified as sensitive genotypes. In general, the mentioned genotypes are recommended for further studies.
Background: Flooding is one of the most significant abiotic stresses and a major limiting factor for agricultural production worldwide, adversely affecting the growth, development, and final yield of crop plants. Since the Brassica genus, including rapeseed (Brassica napus L.), is one of the most important sources of vegetable oil globally, it is essential to identify tolerant genotypes to flooding stress. The development and enhancement of flooding-tolerant and stress-adapted rapeseed cultivars are important for a sustainable increase in oil production. Accordingly, the present study was conducted to evaluate the response of Brassica genotypes under flooding stress by examining morphophysiological traits.
Methods: This study was conducted as a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications under greenhouse conditions during the 2022–2023 growing season. The experiment examined three durations of flooding stress (0, 8, and 16 days) across 20 genotypes of Brassica spp. Flooding stress was applied at the four-leaf stage (BBCH = 14). The measured various morphological and physiological traits were stem and root lengths, stem diameter (SD), the number of green and yellow leaves (NGL and NYL), leaves, stem and root fresh and dry weights (LFW, SFW, RFW, LDW, SDW, and RDW), leaf area (LA), chlorophyll content (Chl), relative water content (RWC), and electrolyte leakage (EL). Additionally, analysis of variance (ANOVA), cluster analysis, and biplot (GGE) analysis were performed to evaluate the relationships among the morphological and physiological traits and to determine the relative importance of these traits in contributing to the performance of the studied genotypes.
Results: Varying levels of flooding stress negatively affected the examined traits. Furthermore, different genotypes markedly varied under different flooding conditions. Cluster analysis categorized the genotypes into two clusters under control (non-flooded) and severe flooding conditions, and into three clusters under moderate flooding. Under non-flooded conditions, Group II, which included the genotypes Liberdona, Burgundy, and Barossa, demonstrated significantly better performance than Group I. Under moderate flooding, Group III, including Liberdona and Burgundy, exhibited the best performance. Under severe flooding, Group I, which comprised Burgundy and Liberdona, was identified as the superior group. Discriminant function analysis confirmed the accuracy of genotype grouping at all stress levels, achieving a 100% correct classification rate across all three levels. The Wilks' Lambda values were statistically significant for the first functions. Biplot analysis corroborated these findings, indicating that the Burgundy and Liberdona genotypes performed best across all three flooding levels and were closest to the ideal genotype. In contrast, the Topas and PGR genotypes consistently exhibited the weakest performance under all conditions. Mean comparisons of traits among groups in the control condition revealed significant differences in SD, LA, and DW. Under moderate flooding, the groups exhibited significant differences in LA, DW, and plant height (PH). In severe flooding conditions, SD, LA, and DW also contributed to significant differences among the groups. Correlation analysis revealed a significant positive correlation between LDW and SD, LA, and RDW. GGE biplot analysis under control conditions indicated that the first and second principal components explained 35.49% and 21.11% of the total variance, respectively, accounting for a cumulative total of 56.60% of the variation. Under moderate flooding, the two components explained 35.99% and 15.31% of the total variance, respectively, resulting in a cumulative total of 51.30%. Under severe flooding conditions, the first and second components accounted for 29.57% and 20.03% of the total variance, respectively, cumulatively explaining 49.78% of the total variation.
Conclusion: Based on the graphical GGE biplot analysis, LDW, RDW, and LA were identified as key morphophysiological indicators for selecting flooding-tolerant genotypes. Since both yield and stability traits are essential for identifying superior genotypes across various environments, Burgundy and Liberdona were classified as tolerant genotypes, while Topas and PGR were identified as sensitive genotypes. In general, the mentioned genotypes are recommended for further studies.
Keywords: Brassica, Cluster analysis, Flooding Stress, GGE biplot, Morphological and physiological traits
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