fa تفکیک فاکتورهای بیماری زایی در پنج نژاد پر آزار زنگ زرد گندم (Puccinia striiformis f.sp. tritici) و شناسایی منابع مقاومت نسبت به آنها اصلاح نباتات، بیومتری اصلاح نباتات، بیومتری پژوهشي Research <strong><span dir="RTL"><span style="font-family:2 mitra;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">شناسایی فاکتورهای بیماری</span></span></span><span style="font-family:times new roman,serif;"><span style="font-size:8.0pt;">&shy;</span></span><span dir="RTL"><span style="font-family:2 mitra;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">زایی عامل بیماری زنگ زرد و آگاهی از تعداد و هویت ژن&shy;های مقاومت در مواد اصلاحی گندم روند تولید ارقام مقاومی که بتوانند مقاومت پایداری ایجاد کنند را تسریع می&shy;سازد. به&shy;&shy;منظور</span></span></span> <span dir="RTL"><span style="font-family:2 mitra;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">بررسی</span></span></span> <span dir="RTL"><span style="font-family:2 mitra;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">ژنتیکی و تعیین طیف بیماری&shy;زایی و غیر بیماری&shy;زایی ژن&shy;ها</span></span></span><span dir="RTL"><span style="font-family:2 mitra;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">،</span></span></span> <span dir="RTL"><span style="font-family:2 mitra;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">پنج</span></span></span> <span dir="RTL"><span style="font-family:2 mitra;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">نژاد بیماری زنگ زرد گندم که</span></span></span> <span dir="RTL"><span style="font-family:2 mitra;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">از مناطق مشهد، ساری، اردبیل، مغان و زرقان </span></span></span><span dir="RTL"><span style="font-family:2 mitra;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">جمع&shy;آوری شده بود</span></span></span> <span dir="RTL"><span style="font-family:2 mitra;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">با استفاده از</span></span></span> <span dir="RTL"><span style="font-family:2 mitra;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">ژنوتیپ</span></span></span><span style="font-family:times new roman,serif;"><span style="font-size:8.0pt;">&shy;</span></span><span dir="RTL"><span style="font-family:2 mitra;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">ها</span></span></span><span style="font-family:times new roman,serif;"><span style="font-size:8.0pt;">&shy;</span></span><span dir="RTL"><span style="font-family:2 mitra;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">ی استاندارد و افتراقی</span></span></span> <span dir="RTL"><span style="font-family:2 mitra;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">بین&shy;المللی زنگ زرد، تعیین نژاد</span></span></span> <span dir="RTL"><span style="font-family:2 mitra;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">گردیدند. براساس واکنش</span></span></span><span style="font-family:times new roman,serif;"><span style="font-size:8.0pt;">&shy;</span></span><span dir="RTL"><span style="font-family:2 mitra;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">ها، </span></span></span><span dir="RTL"><span style="font-family:2 mitra;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">جدایه مشهد </span></span></span><span dir="RTL"><span style="font-family:2 mitra;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">نژاد </span></span></span><span style="font-family:times new roman,serif;"><span style="font-size:8.0pt;">6E158A+</span></span><span dir="RTL"><span style="font-family:2 mitra;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">، جدایه ساری نژاد </span></span></span><span style="font-family:times new roman,serif;"><span style="font-size:8.0pt;">230E158A+</span></span><span dir="RTL"><span style="font-family:2 mitra;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">، جدایه اردبیل نژاد </span></span></span><span style="font-family:times new roman,serif;"><span style="font-size:8.0pt;">6E142A+</span></span><span dir="RTL"><span style="font-family:2 mitra;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">، جدایه مغان نژاد </span></span></span><span style="font-family:times new roman,serif;"><span style="font-size:8.0pt;">166E150A+</span></span><span dir="RTL"><span style="font-family:2 mitra;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">، و جدایه زرقان نژاد</span></span></span> <span style="font-family:times new roman,serif;"><span style="font-size:8.0pt;">198E130A+</span></span><span dir="RTL"><span style="font-family:2 mitra;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;"> نام&shy;گذاری شدند.</span></span></span><span dir="RTL"><span style="font-family:2 mitra;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;"> براساس نتایج حاصله برای گیاهان افتراقی حامل ژن</span></span></span><span style="font-family:times new roman,serif;"><span style="font-size:8.0pt;">&shy;</span></span><span dir="RTL"><span style="font-family:2 mitra;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">های </span></span></span><em><span style="font-family:times new roman,serif;"><span style="font-size:8.0pt;">Yr2</span></span></em><span dir="RTL"><span style="font-family:2 mitra;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">، </span></span></span><em><span style="font-family:times new roman,serif;"><span style="font-size:8.0pt;">Yr2+</span></span></em><span dir="RTL"><span style="font-family:2 mitra;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">، </span></span></span><em><span style="font-family:times new roman,serif;"><span style="font-size:8.0pt;">Yr6</span></span></em><span dir="RTL"><span style="font-family:2 mitra;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">، </span></span></span><em><span style="font-family:times new roman,serif;"><span style="font-size:8.0pt;">Yr7</span></span><span dir="RTL"><span style="font-family:2 mitra;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">، </span></span></span><span style="font-family:times new roman,serif;"><span style="font-size:8.0pt;">Yr7+</span></span><span dir="RTL"><span style="font-family:2 mitra;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">، </span></span></span><span style="font-family:times new roman,serif;"><span style="font-size:8.0pt;">Yr11</span></span><span dir="RTL"><span style="font-family:2 mitra;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">،</span></span></span><span style="font-family:times new roman,serif;"><span style="font-size:8.0pt;">Yr17 </span></span><span dir="RTL"><span style="font-family:2 mitra;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">، </span></span></span><span style="font-family:times new roman,serif;"><span style="font-size:8.0pt;">Yr18</span></span><span dir="RTL"><span style="font-family:2 mitra;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">، </span></span></span><span style="font-family:times new roman,serif;"><span style="font-size:8.0pt;">Yr22</span></span><span dir="RTL"><span style="font-family:2 mitra;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">، </span></span></span><span style="font-family:times new roman,serif;"><span style="font-size:8.0pt;">Yr23</span></span><span dir="RTL"><span style="font-family:2 mitra;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">، </span></span></span><span style="font-family:times new roman,serif;"><span style="font-size:8.0pt;">Yr25</span></span> </em><span dir="RTL"><span style="font-family:2 mitra;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">و </span></span></span><em><span style="font-family:times new roman,serif;"><span style="font-size:8.0pt;">YrA</span></span> </em><span dir="RTL"><span style="font-family:2 mitra;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">در مقابل تمام نژادهای مورد مطالعه بیماری&shy;زایی مشاهده گردید و در گیاهان حامل ژن&shy;های </span></span></span><em><span style="font-family:times new roman,serif;"><span style="font-size:8.0pt;">Yr1</span></span><span dir="RTL"><span style="font-family:2 mitra;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">، </span></span></span><span style="font-family:times new roman,serif;"><span style="font-size:8.0pt;">Yr3</span></span><span dir="RTL"><span style="font-family:2 mitra;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">، </span></span></span><span style="font-family:times new roman,serif;"><span style="font-size:8.0pt;">Yr4</span></span><span dir="RTL"><span style="font-family:2 mitra;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">، </span></span></span><span style="font-family:times new roman,serif;"><span style="font-size:8.0pt;">Yr5</span></span><span dir="RTL"><span style="font-family:2 mitra;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">، </span></span></span><span style="font-family:times new roman,serif;"><span style="font-size:8.0pt;">Yr10</span></span><span dir="RTL"><span style="font-family:2 mitra;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">، </span></span></span><span style="font-family:times new roman,serif;"><span style="font-size:8.0pt;">Yr15</span></span><span dir="RTL"><span style="font-family:2 mitra;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">، </span></span></span><span style="font-family:times new roman,serif;"><span style="font-size:8.0pt;">Yr24</span></span><span dir="RTL"><span style="font-family:2 mitra;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">، </span></span></span><span style="font-family:times new roman,serif;"><span style="font-size:8.0pt;">YrSP</span></span> </em><span dir="RTL"><span style="font-family:2 mitra;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">و </span></span></span><em><span style="font-family:times new roman,serif;"><span style="font-size:8.0pt;">YrCV</span></span></em><span dir="RTL"><span style="font-family:2 mitra;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;"> در مقابل هیچ یک از نژاد‌ها بیماری&shy;زایی مشاهده نشد.</span></span></span><span dir="RTL"><span style="font-family:2 mitra;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;"> سپس به&shy;&shy;منظور ارزیابی میزبان&shy;های زنگ زرد، واکنش مقاومت</span></span></span> <span dir="RTL"><span style="font-family:2 mitra;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">45</span></span></span> <span dir="RTL"><span style="font-family:2 mitra;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">ژنوتیپ گندم</span></span></span><span dir="RTL"><span style="font-family:2 mitra;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;"> در قالب طرح</span></span></span> <span dir="RTL"><span style="font-family:2 mitra;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">بلوک&shy;های </span></span></span><span dir="RTL"><span style="font-family:2 mitra;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار</span></span></span> <span dir="RTL"><span style="font-family:2 mitra;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">در مرحله </span></span></span><span dir="RTL"><span style="font-family:2 mitra;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">گیاهچه&shy;ای تحت شرایط گلخانه</span></span></span> <span dir="RTL"><span style="font-family:2 mitra;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">نسبت</span></span></span> <span dir="RTL"><span style="font-family:2 mitra;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">به</span></span></span> <span dir="RTL"><span style="font-family:2 mitra;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">پنج</span></span></span> <span dir="RTL"><span style="font-family:2 mitra;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">نژاد</span></span></span> <span dir="RTL"><span style="font-family:2 mitra;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">پرآزار</span></span></span><span dir="RTL"><span style="font-family:2 mitra;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">، </span></span></span><span dir="RTL"><span style="font-family:2 mitra;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">مورد</span></span></span> <span dir="RTL"><span style="font-family:2 mitra;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">بررسی قرار</span></span></span> <span dir="RTL"><span style="font-family:2 mitra;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">گرفت.</span></span></span> <span dir="RTL"><span style="font-family:2 mitra;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">در</span></span></span> <span dir="RTL"><span style="font-family:2 mitra;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">بررسی</span></span></span> <span dir="RTL"><span style="font-family:2 mitra;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">اجزاء</span></span></span> <span dir="RTL"><span style="font-family:2 mitra;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">مقاومت</span></span></span> <span dir="RTL"><span style="font-family:2 mitra;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">به</span></span></span> <span dir="RTL"><span style="font-family:2 mitra;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">زنگ زرد،</span></span></span> <span dir="RTL"><span style="font-family:2 mitra;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">صفات دوره</span></span></span> <span dir="RTL"><span style="font-family:2 mitra;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">کمون و تیپ</span></span></span> <span dir="RTL"><span style="font-family:2 mitra;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">آلودگی</span></span></span> <span dir="RTL"><span style="font-family:2 mitra;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">یادداشت &shy;برداری گردید. نتایج تجزیه واریانس نشان داد اختلاف بسیار معنی&shy;داری</span></span></span> <span dir="RTL"><span style="font-family:2 mitra;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">بین واکنش</span></span></span> <span dir="RTL"><span style="font-family:2 mitra;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">ژنوتیپ</span></span></span><span style="font-family:times new roman,serif;"><span style="font-size:8.0pt;">&shy;</span></span><span dir="RTL"><span style="font-family:2 mitra;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">های گندم</span></span></span><span style="font-family:times new roman,serif;"><span style="font-size:8.0pt;">&shy;</span></span><span dir="RTL"><span style="font-family:2 mitra;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;"> نسبت به</span></span></span> <span dir="RTL"><span style="font-family:2 mitra;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">نژادها وجود دارد و واکنش مشابهی نسبت به نژادها نداشتند. احتمالاً ژن&shy;های </span></span></span><em><span style="font-family:times new roman,serif;"><span style="font-size:8.0pt;">YrND</span></span><span dir="RTL"><span style="font-family:2 mitra;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">، </span></span></span><span style="font-family:times new roman,serif;"><span style="font-size:8.0pt;">YrSD</span></span></em><span dir="RTL"><span style="font-family:2 mitra;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">، </span></span></span><em><span style="font-family:times new roman,serif;"><span style="font-size:8.0pt;">YrSU</span></span></em><span dir="RTL"><span style="font-family:2 mitra;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">، </span></span></span><em><span style="font-family:times new roman,serif;"><span style="font-size:8.0pt;">Yr32</span></span></em><span dir="RTL"><span style="font-family:2 mitra;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;"> و </span></span></span><em><span style="font-family:times new roman,serif;"><span style="font-size:8.0pt;">Yr27</span></span></em><span dir="RTL"><span style="font-family:2 mitra;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;"> به &shy;تنهایی و یا ترکیبات مختلف با سایر ژن&shy;های مقاومت ناشناخته در ژنوتیپ&shy;هایی که مقاومت اختصاص به&shy;نژاد داشتند سبب ایجاد مقاومت در مقابل نژادهایی که برای این ژن&shy;ها بیماری&shy;زا نبودند شده است.</span></span></span><span dir="RTL"><span style="font-family:2 mitra;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;"> استفاده از ژن&shy;های مقاومت موجود در ژنوتیپ&shy;های دارای مقاومت گیاهچه&shy;ای در مناطقی که نژادهای مورد مطالعه یا مشابه شایع هستند، مقدور خواهد بود. ضمن اینکه امکان بروز مقاومت گیاه کامل در شرایط مزرعه&shy;ای در ژنوتیپ&shy;هایی که تحت شرایط گلخانه&shy;ای حساسیت نشان دادند نیز منتفی نیست.</span></span></span></strong> Identifying the virulence factors of stripe rust (<em>Puccinia striiformis</em> f. sp. <em>tritici</em>) disease, awareness of numbers and identification of resistance genes in wheat breeding materials, accelerate the process of producing the resistance cultivars which are sustained against different races. To study the genetic and pathogenic and non-pathogenic spectrum of genes, five hot races of stripe rust which were collected from Mashhad, Sari, Ardabil, Moghan and Zarghan were determined using the international standard and differential genotypes and isogenic or near isogenic lines with separate race identification experiments. According to reactions, the races were&shy; called&shy; 6E158A+, &shy;230E158A+, &shy;6E142A+, 166E150A+, and 198E130A+. Based on the results for the plants carrying the genes <em>Yr2,</em><em> Yr2+, Yr6, Yr7, Yr7+, Yr9, Yr11, Yr17, Yr18,Yr22, Yr23, Yr25</em> and <em>YrA</em>, virulence was observed in all studied races and in plants carrying genes <em>Yr1,</em><em> Yr3, Yr4, Yr5, Yr10, Yr15, Yr24,</em> <em>YrSP</em> and <em>YrCV</em>, however, no virulence was observed against none of races. Then resistance reaction of 45 wheat genotype was separately evaluated against 5 studied races, based on a randomized complete block design with three replicates in the seedling stage. In study of the components resistance to stripe rust, latent period and infection type traits were recorded in greenhouse studies. Analysis of variance showed that there were significantly different in genotypes against pathotypes, but genotypes did not show similar reactions to different pathotypes. Probably, the <em>YrND</em>, <em>YrSD</em>, <em>YrSU</em>, <em>Yr32</em> and <em>Yr27</em> genes alone or in combination with each other, or with other unknown genes are either cause strength in genotypes with race-specific resistance caused resistance to races that were not pathogenic to these genes. The use of resistance genes in genotypes with seedling resistance is likely to be widespread in areas where similar races are common. While, the possibility of observing resistant adult plants in field conditions despite showing susceptibility under greenhouse conditions is not ruled out. زنگ زرد, فاکتورهای بیماریزایی, نژاد و مقاومت در مرحله گیاهچه ای Race, Seedling stage resistance, Yellow rust, Virulence factors 50 60 http://jcb.sanru.ac.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-1-306&slc_lang=fa&sid=1 Ali Omrani علی عمرانی 10031947532846009527 10031947532846009527 Yes Department of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz دانشگاه تبریز Manoochehr Khodarahmi منوچهر خدارحمی 10031947532846009528 10031947532846009528 No Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj موسسه تحقیقات اصلاح و تهیه نهال و بذر، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، کرج Farzad Afshari فرزاد افشاری 10031947532846009529 10031947532846009529 No Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj موسسه تحقیقات اصلاح و تهیه نهال و بذر، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، کرج