Behnaz Seifolahpour1, Sohbat Bahraminejad *1, Kianoosh Cheghamirza1, Shahryar Sasani2, Seyed Abolghasem Mohammadi Abolghasem MohammadiMohammadi3
1- Razi University
2- Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Kermanshah
3- University of Tabriz
2- Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Kermanshah
3- University of Tabriz
Abstract: (7 Views)
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)is a staple food crop and the main focus of agricultural and biological research is on its evolution, genetics, biodiversity, and ecology. Among the various wheat species, bread wheat is particularly noteworthy for its high nutritional value and widespread cultivation. This crop is a source of nutrients for approximately 40% of the world's population. Recently, climate change and global warming have directly affected the quantity and quality of agricultural products, with great intensity and the extent of numerous stresses. Therefore, increasing wheat yield is an essential requirement for achieving global food and nutritional security. Due to the wide genetic diversity of this crop, wheat breeders select the optimal maturity date to match the climatic conditions in their target environments. Adaptable plants to climate change could survive adverse stress factors such as frost, heat, and drought by adjusting their flowering time to seasonal conditions to protect floral organs. Variation in phenotypic traits indicates genetic diversity and allows the identification of genotypes with desirable characteristics for breeding programs. QTL mapping plays an important role in reducing the growth period and increasing grain yield by providing an alternative approach to improve conventional breeding methods using molecular markers that are closely related to phenological traits. The aim of the present study was to identify early maturing lines, locate QTLs for wheat phenological traits in an inbred population of recombinant lines, and identify markers linked to the phenological traits for use in marker-assisted selection.
Materials and methods
In this study to facilitate the breeding important traits in wheat, 131 lines of the F6 generation population of bread wheat were cultivated with their parents in an alpha lattice design with two replications in the 2019-2020 crop year at the Research Farm of Razi University. During this period, the total rainfall was 409.9 mm. Seeds were manually sown in plots comprising three rows, each one meter in length, with a row spacing of 0.22 meters and a planting density of 400 seeds per square meter. Phenological data including days to booting, days to heading, days to anthesis, duration of kernel filling period and days to physiological maturity were recorded. Analysis of variance, comparison of means whit LSD method were carried out after checking the normality of the data using SAS 9.1 software. The cluster analysis was performed using JMP 13 software. A linkage map was drawn with 55 SSR markers and eight retrotransposon markers (IRAP) using JoinMap® 4 software with a LOD of at least three runs and the recombination rate was converted to map distance Haldane's function.Then, quantitative trait loci with the Composite Interval Locating (CIM) and LOD method, at least two were identified on linkage groups using WinQTL Cartographer ver.2.5 software.
Results
According to the results of analysis of variance, the studied lines had significant differences in all traits under consideration, indicating sufficient diversity between them. Lines 16, 23, 69, 81, and 101 had the lowest average length of grain filling period. The range of broad heritability for phonological traits (99.05-99.82%) showing the high attribution of genetics in the control of the traits. Based on cluster analysis, the lines along with their parents were divided into four groups, with the third group being the earliest with an average days to physiological maturity of 194 days, and the fourth group including the latest lines with an average days to physiological maturity of 203 days. Based on QTL analysis, four loci were identified for the days to physiological maturity and kernel filling period. For days to physiological maturity, two QTL on unknown first linkage group and Chromosome 1B were identified with coefficient of determination 19.08% for the maternal Marvdasht parent and two QTL on chromosomes 1B and 3B with 22.48% for the kernel filling period with paternal Norstar parent effectiveness.
Conclusion
In this study, higher or lower values were observed for the studied phonological traits in some lines compared to their parents, which indicates invasive segregation for these traits. The high general heritability range for these traits may indicate a high contribution of genetic factors in controlling these traits. A number of lines with early maturity were identified. Preserving and studying this unique diversity is essential for developing high-quality species that can withstand biotic and abiotic stressors, which are becoming increasingly important in the face of climate change and environmental degradation. The identified QTLs were located on linkage groups 1B, 3B, and first unknown group. For days to physiological maturity, a QTL was identified on linkage group 1B, which showed strong linkage with marker GWM11. This study provides valuable information on their genetic loci underlying traits such as days to physiological maturity and length of kernel filling period, which are considered important factors in increasing grain yield. According to the results of this study, ideal genotypes with high stability are expected to have an average spike emergence stage and days to maturity in environments where rainfall fluctuates from year to year due to climate change.
Materials and methods
In this study to facilitate the breeding important traits in wheat, 131 lines of the F6 generation population of bread wheat were cultivated with their parents in an alpha lattice design with two replications in the 2019-2020 crop year at the Research Farm of Razi University. During this period, the total rainfall was 409.9 mm. Seeds were manually sown in plots comprising three rows, each one meter in length, with a row spacing of 0.22 meters and a planting density of 400 seeds per square meter. Phenological data including days to booting, days to heading, days to anthesis, duration of kernel filling period and days to physiological maturity were recorded. Analysis of variance, comparison of means whit LSD method were carried out after checking the normality of the data using SAS 9.1 software. The cluster analysis was performed using JMP 13 software. A linkage map was drawn with 55 SSR markers and eight retrotransposon markers (IRAP) using JoinMap® 4 software with a LOD of at least three runs and the recombination rate was converted to map distance Haldane's function.Then, quantitative trait loci with the Composite Interval Locating (CIM) and LOD method, at least two were identified on linkage groups using WinQTL Cartographer ver.2.5 software.
Results
According to the results of analysis of variance, the studied lines had significant differences in all traits under consideration, indicating sufficient diversity between them. Lines 16, 23, 69, 81, and 101 had the lowest average length of grain filling period. The range of broad heritability for phonological traits (99.05-99.82%) showing the high attribution of genetics in the control of the traits. Based on cluster analysis, the lines along with their parents were divided into four groups, with the third group being the earliest with an average days to physiological maturity of 194 days, and the fourth group including the latest lines with an average days to physiological maturity of 203 days. Based on QTL analysis, four loci were identified for the days to physiological maturity and kernel filling period. For days to physiological maturity, two QTL on unknown first linkage group and Chromosome 1B were identified with coefficient of determination 19.08% for the maternal Marvdasht parent and two QTL on chromosomes 1B and 3B with 22.48% for the kernel filling period with paternal Norstar parent effectiveness.
Conclusion
In this study, higher or lower values were observed for the studied phonological traits in some lines compared to their parents, which indicates invasive segregation for these traits. The high general heritability range for these traits may indicate a high contribution of genetic factors in controlling these traits. A number of lines with early maturity were identified. Preserving and studying this unique diversity is essential for developing high-quality species that can withstand biotic and abiotic stressors, which are becoming increasingly important in the face of climate change and environmental degradation. The identified QTLs were located on linkage groups 1B, 3B, and first unknown group. For days to physiological maturity, a QTL was identified on linkage group 1B, which showed strong linkage with marker GWM11. This study provides valuable information on their genetic loci underlying traits such as days to physiological maturity and length of kernel filling period, which are considered important factors in increasing grain yield. According to the results of this study, ideal genotypes with high stability are expected to have an average spike emergence stage and days to maturity in environments where rainfall fluctuates from year to year due to climate change.
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