Volume 17, Issue 3 (9-2025)
J Crop Breed 2025, 17(3): 74-87 |
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Bakhshi A, Gerami M, Amiri M. (2025). Effects of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles and Putrescine Foliar Application on Some Morphophysiological Characteristics and Activity of Antioxidant Enzymes in Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.). J Crop Breed. 17(3), 74-87. doi:10.61882/jcb.2024.1574
URL: http://jcb.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-1574-en.html
URL: http://jcb.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-1574-en.html
1- M.Sc. Graduate of Green Space Engineering, Sana Institute of Higher Education, Sari, Iran
2- Department of Biology, Sana Institute of Higher Education, Sari, Iran
3- Department of Rane and Watershed Management, Faculty of Agricultural and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
2- Department of Biology, Sana Institute of Higher Education, Sari, Iran
3- Department of Rane and Watershed Management, Faculty of Agricultural and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
Abstract: (540 Views)
Extended Abstract
Background: Elicitors play an important role in the supply and absorption of nutrients in plants. They are also able to improve growth and increase the quantity and quality of the product through making changes in the main and systemic processes of plants. Biological applications of nanoparticles and polyamines and using them as plant growth regulators and elicitors are a promising tool for realizing sustainable agriculture. Nanoparticles and polyamines may differentially affect plants depending on plant species, concentrations, and application methods. Among the different nanoparticles, titanium dioxide (TiO2) can improve the efficiency of the photosynthetic apparatus and increase the plant’s ability to absorb sunlight, thereby affecting the conversion of solar energy into active electrons and chemical activities and increasing photosynthesis efficiency in plants. Putrescine polyamine is also effective on more physiological processes, such as seed germination, fruit and flower growth, delaying senescence, and plant responses to environmental stresses. So far, however, there are not enough studies about the effect of titanium nanoparticles and putrescine on the morphological, physiological, and biochemical processes of plants, especially in Rosmary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.). Rosemary oil is one of the herbal medicines with proven antioxidant and antibacterial properties.
Methods: The effectiveness of different levels of TiO2 nanoparticles (0, 50, 100, 200, and 400 ppm) and putrescine (0, 0.5, 1 and 1.5 mM) on the growth, physiological and biochemical traits of R. officinalis L., was investigated in a factorial experiment with a completely randomized design with three replications in the research greenhouse of the Sana Institute of Higher Education. The plants were sprayed once a week, and growth traits (plant height, the number of leaves, fresh weight and dry weight of aerial parts, and fresh weight and dry weight of root), physiological (the content of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, and carotenoid), and biochemical (activities of antioxidant enzymes including peroxidase and catalase, and percentage of free radical scavenging) traits were measured in the leaves of seedlings after 8 weeks. Before performing the analysis, the normality of data distribution and the homogeneity of variance of experimental errors were tested using the least significant difference (LSD) test, and the means were compared with Duncan’s multi-tailed test at the 5% probability level.
Results: Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) confirmed the adsorption and translocation of titanium nanoparticles through plants upon experimental treatments. The analysis of variance was significant for the simple effect of TiO2 nanoparticles and the simple effect of putrescine on all growth traits, amounts of chlorophyll pigments, phenol, and DPPH of R. officinalis (p < 0.01). The analysis of variance was also significant for the interaction effect of these two treatments on the number of leaves and fresh and dry weights of aerial parts (p < 0.01), fresh weight of root, and amounts of total chlorophyll and flavonoids of R. officinalis (p < 0.05). The mean comparison of treatments showed that the different concentrations of TiO2 nanoparticles and putrescine caused an increase in all the growth traits, the content of chlorophyll pigments, and the biochemical characteristics of R. officinalis. The highest mean growth traits of R. officinalis were obtained at 200 ppm of nanoparticles and 1 mM of putrescine. The maximum chlorophyll and carotenoid contents were also obtained with 200 and 400 ppm of nanoparticles and 1 and 1.5 mM of putrescine. Likewise, the highest means of the biochemical traits of R. officinalis were obtained under the highest concentration of nanoparticles and putrescine. In fact, the applied treatments increased both dry matter production and photosynthesis, thereby raising the plant’s performance and its components. Titanium nanoparticles can increase fresh and dry weights of plants by improving light absorption, increasing nitrate absorption, and converting inorganic materials into organic materials. By increasing light absorption, oxidation and reduction reactions are stimulated in plants, after which the photosynthetic capacity of the plant increases and chloroplast aging is prevented. Since TiO2 nanoparticles lead to more protein absorption, chlorophyll synthesis increases in the plant in this way. The role of putrescine in increasing plant growth is probably due to its antioxidant effect, helping to balance cations and anions, or acting as a nitrogen source. Because ethylene and polyamines have a common precursor for synthesis, as polyamines are made in the plant, the production of ethylene decreases, and as the amount of ethylene decreases, the degradation of photosynthetic pigments also decreases. In addition, the number of polyamines in the terminal meristem of the plant increases with the use of putrescine, resulting in an increase in plant growth. Polyamines start a chain of defense reactions, a result of which is an increase in the activity of antioxidant enzymes.
Conclusion: According to the obtained results in this study, TiO2 nanoparticles at 200 and 400 ppm and putrescine at 1 and 1.5 mM through foliar application showed strong effects on the improvement of growth traits, antioxidant enzymes, and the content of photosynthetic pigments in R. officinalis. Therefore, the use of appropriate concentrations of TiO2 nanoparticles and putrescine seems to be effective in increasing the content of active secondary metabolites in rosemary. It is suggested to study the effect of these treatments for longer experimental periods or on more species, which could be a suitable approach to find better and more reasonable results.
Keywords: Antioxidant activity, Chlorophyll content, Elicitors, Foliar solution, Titanium dioxide nanoparticles
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